<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117</id><updated>2011-07-07T14:37:09.224-07:00</updated><category term='杂谈'/><category term='进化'/><category term='时事'/><title type='text'>Song of Albatross</title><subtitle type='html'>Song of Albatross, of freedom, of aspiration, of prayer, of a fledging bird that is wandering, hovering and waiting..."that made the bleeze to blow"</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>310</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1806138351479487709</id><published>2011-03-15T00:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-15T00:54:01.304-07:00</updated><title type='text'>纷乱的世界，和谐的天朝</title><content type='html'>这些日子世界真不太平，也许是这个春天来的有点儿早，已经在地下蛰伏了两年多的由经济危机在满世界播下的不安定种子，终于迫不及待地一股脑破土而出。先是在欧洲萌芽，然后迅速跨越狭长的地中海，在多年来“政治稳定”的北非诸国相继绽放出又香又白的花朵，进而又蔓延至中东。当然，在种子的原产地美国，这个春天也注定不会寂静。在北美工会运动的家乡威斯康辛州，新茶叶党人正在掀起一场冰风暴，还有印第安纳，还有俄亥俄，还有……诺贝尔和平奖得主还在沉默，他是在筹划两年之后的退休计划吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人祸未休，天灾又至。这一次，就连人类社会的防灾标兵日本也在地震与海啸双重打击下苦苦挣扎。看着从直升机俯拍下的任海水肆意涤荡的城镇景象，还有一条街一条核反应堆告急的传闻，我们自然会联想起一连串问题：如果灾难发生在我家附近又会怎样？防波堤到底有用吗？核电站以后是不是都改关了？2012要来了？……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;还好，似乎这个世界上还有一大片桃花源。在那个被敬称为天朝的上邦大国，社会生活和谐依旧，经济发展迅猛依旧，两会提案英明依旧，正是风景那边独好。即便偶有前仆后继胆大包天的自焚者，比如最近一期（估计也是最后一期）的“&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dyq6JqCbYQuI&amp;amp;h=28c52"&gt;龙颜大悦&lt;/a&gt;”，也终归不过是星星之火而已，又岂是天朝洒水车的对手？相信只要认真贯彻人大委员长日前的讲话精神，全民最大党必将千秋万载，一统江湖。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1806138351479487709?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1806138351479487709/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1806138351479487709' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1806138351479487709'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1806138351479487709'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post.html' title='纷乱的世界，和谐的天朝'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5208942696079062668</id><published>2010-03-10T02:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-10T02:23:06.439-08:00</updated><title type='text'>我的语言谁做主</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;最近这几年每到祖国召开两会的时候，身为&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;民的我都很开心，因为在这段日子里，每天都可以看到不断更新的笑话集锦，为枯燥的工作添加些许乐趣，这个坏习惯还一直被带到美国来了。其实出笑话一点儿都不奇怪，你只要扫一眼代表名单，不是数钱数到手抽筋的“群众”，就是坐办公室闲到蛋疼的“人民”，你能指望这伙“代表”提出什么急人民之所急、想人民之所想的建议来呢？&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;最近的一个能让我记得的笑话是一个代表提出应该全面禁止使用新近通过网络流行的文字，比如“囧”，理由大概是净化汉语吧。这虽然是一件小事，却是一个极具革命先讲性的建议，比此前遮遮掩掩的网络文字审查过滤又向前迈进一大步——与其费力审查，不如直接斩草除根，宣布其非法性。也不知道这位代表是不是受到了《一九八四》中“新话（&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;newspeak&lt;/span&gt;）”的启发。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;碰巧今天又在纽约时报上看到一篇关于&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;Google&lt;/span&gt;利用搜索引擎带来的数据优势改进翻译功能的报道，文章提到了其基本工作原理，即自上世纪九十年代在语言学习理论研究中开始逐渐兴起的统计模型。简单来说，我们说话时对词汇和句式的选择取决于日常生活中听到的语言使用频率的记忆，比如说你身边的人都把一种半球形上面有褶里面有馅的面食称为“馒头”，你自己想吃这个菜的时候就会到饭店点一笼馒头；如果我周围的人都把这种东西叫“包子”，我下次在食堂看到它的时候自然就会跟师傅讲，“请给我来两个包子”。这里面隐含了一个重要条件，即学习语言的语境要与使用语言的语境一致，否则就要出笑话。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;我上大学的时候就有同学出过这样一个笑话。听说是一个新入学的南方女生有一天中午不想去食堂（那会儿在食堂排队抢座确实不算是一件轻松的事情），就请室友代劳买六个“馒头”。碰巧这位室友正好是个实在的北方人，二话没说就给买回来六个“馒头”——六个实心发面开花大馒头（回想一下《活着》里面那个吃了七个馒头差点撑死的王教授吧）！&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;尽管偶尔会出错，这仍然是人类学习语言的最主要方式。你说什么？上学？没错，我们确实有语文课，但是回想一下几百年以前，那时候也早就有了“四书五经”和《百家姓》、《千字文》，不过读书仍然是一件奢侈的事情，文盲还是绝大多数，但村氓农妇照样能够与大诗人们进行亲切交流，白居易不是还读诗稿给老妪听吗？甭说这个，现在这个星球上还有很多语言没有对应的文字呢，巴布亚新几内亚的食人族孩子们断然是没有语文课上的，但这也丝毫不妨碍人家的日常语言交流。话说回来，从语文课上学到的语法修辞大概也只有在写文章做报告的时候用得上，平日里使用频率最高的那些语句基本上都不是课本上学来的，而且大半是不大合语法的，很多词大概连词典都不收录。话说回来，有谁讲话时还要翻字典呢？大概只有传教士和红卫兵吧。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;那么，究竟什么是语言呢？&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;上给出的定义是：用于编码和解码信息的一类特殊系统。所以，关键在于传递的信息，语言本身只是作为载体的信号，形式当然可以是多样的，只要发出信息的人和接受信息的人使用的是同样的密码本就好了。我们学习语言的过程就是抄写这份密码本的过程，这个过程中难免出现抄写错误，更难免东拼西凑和自主创新。所以语言也就在传递和使用中不断的变异和重组，这个过程按照达尔文先生的说法就叫“进化”。有心人为语言做了基因测序，搞出个基因图谱叫“字典”，不过这玩意儿只能用作参考，因为语言基因的变异太快，等位基因多样性太高，按图索骥纯粹是自寻烦恼。按照维特根斯坦先生的观点，根本就不可能为一个概念提供一个明确的定义，因为这个概念的具体意义分布于每个人脑子里，要做个统计才能下结论，比如说&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;60%&lt;/span&gt;的人认为馒头是圆形的，&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;30%&lt;/span&gt;的人认为方形也可以，还有&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;10%&lt;/span&gt;的人根本不在乎性状。记得前两年国内出台过一个很牛的政策，规定馒头的形状必须满足某个规格，否则就剥夺其馒头身份。可是几年过去了，似乎各种形状的馒头依旧我行我素。当然了，既然咱的政策连三聚氰胺都管不住，就更管不住老百姓的嘴了。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;最后提一下，我个人觉得按统计模型搞出来的&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;Google&lt;/span&gt;翻译服务还是挺不错的，起码翻译出来的文章像是正常人类语言了，仅就这一点就至少比其他同类的翻译软件强出几条大街，当然更不用提当年的金山快译之类让人啼笑皆非的大胆产品了。除了语法之外，词汇量的更新也很与时俱进，比如我试着输入“二奶”，就返回一个“&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;mistress”&lt;/span&gt;；更神的是，我敲了一个“总书记”（对天发誓，只是出于好奇），居然返回一个“&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;Zemin”&lt;/span&gt;，怪不得谷歌中国要被穿小鞋了。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5208942696079062668?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5208942696079062668/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5208942696079062668' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5208942696079062668'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5208942696079062668'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html' title='我的语言谁做主'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4349737987652667266</id><published>2010-01-16T01:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-16T01:58:05.282-08:00</updated><title type='text'>曾经沧海</title><content type='html'>我曾养过一只猫。她小的时候就在并不算宽敞的屋子里玩耍、吃饭、打盹，无忧无虑。有一天傍晚，我把她抱出门外，她从此蹑手蹑脚地走进了一个新的广阔世界，并且很快学会了在房檐上撒欢打滚。从此以后，每天傍晚，她都会蹲在门口等着家人打开那扇通向自由世界的大门，如果没有人响应，她会整夜地守在那里并不停地用前爪挠门，直到有人被噪音吵醒。我喜欢猫，就是因为她永远不会被完全驯服，永远不会彻底忘却门外自由的世界。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;记忆就是这样一个奇怪的东西，它是追寻幸福的动力，也是痛苦折磨的根源。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果一个人一辈子吃窝头，他也许并不觉得不幸，倘若有一天偶然开了荤，以后窝头就要变味了。短短百万年，从茹毛饮血的直立人到坐在计算机前享受安逸的现代人，进化的不单单是基因，还有文化，而后者的积累与发展就依赖于记忆。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果Google从来就不曾被获准进入中国，中国人也不会因此觉得生活单调，可惜历史不会调头重来，Google来了，又要走了，仿佛真的是轻轻地不带走一片云彩，然而历史已经写在每一个经历者的记忆里。他们可以把Google从中国市场上删除，但是却无法把它从每个人的记忆中抹去。在那个角落里，有一扇门，通往自由的世界。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4349737987652667266?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4349737987652667266/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4349737987652667266' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4349737987652667266'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4349737987652667266'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post.html' title='曾经沧海'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5623732159284836251</id><published>2009-12-26T01:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-26T01:04:51.752-08:00</updated><title type='text'>玩偶之家</title><content type='html'>刘晓波因为批评中国政府而被判了十一年。美国大使抗议，中方发言人毫不出人意料地以数十年如一日的辞令回应：“你们无权干涉中国内政。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;好吧，外国人无权干涉，那么谁有权干涉呢？中国人？废话，刘晓波不就是干涉中国内政的中国人吗？怎么样？十一年！敢情中国的“内政”是老虎屁股，只有那些有权决定谁有权干涉的人才有权干涉（绕口令……），把这句话拉直了说就是，有权的永远有权，没权的永远没权。可我怎么隐约记得毛泽东同志在四九年第一届政协会议上说过：“中国人民站起来了。”莫非我们又都趴下了？还是说我们一直就只是某些人手上的玩偶而已，让站起来就得站起来，让趴下就得趴下？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;内政？什么是内政呢？挖开千年古墓，王公贵族死了还要妻妾陪葬，这是他们的内政。一百年前，男人打老婆是家常便饭，还美其名曰：“三天不打，上房揭瓦。”现如今谁要敢未经许可动对方一手指头，就得当心警察叔叔给挂一个家暴的牌子。“内政”不是永远牢不可破的挡箭牌，脸皮才是。 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;娜拉总有一天要出走的，上再多的锁也是徒劳的。我们曾经有个专用并列短语来描述这种螳臂当车的腐朽顽固势力，叫什么来着？哦，“XX党反动派”。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5623732159284836251?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5623732159284836251/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5623732159284836251' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5623732159284836251'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5623732159284836251'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/12/blog-post.html' title='玩偶之家'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3499017181736984940</id><published>2009-10-18T22:40:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-18T22:40:33.439-07:00</updated><title type='text'>检票</title><content type='html'>周末与Deb同去旧金山参加联合国电影节展映，两个人都不想开车，于是就搭公共轨道交通，正好路上聊天。去的时候一切正常，回来的时候却在检票环节连着出了两个笑话。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;先是在Muni的进站口找不到售票机，也不见售票员，转了一圈看见墙上贴着一行字：主站口售票。于是奔向主站口，结果仍不见售票机，好在这回见到一个检票员，不过人家不负责售票，扔给我们两条路：要么走到下一个进站口买票，要么投币——只收硬币。我们着急赶火车，不想再折腾，可是又翻不出四块钱的硬币来。检票员抬手一指，Bart的售票机兼提供换零钱服务。甚好，三步两步跑过去，塞进一块钱，就听见哗啦啦好一阵声响，掉出二十枚五分硬币！这下可好，我们捧着八十枚硬币跑回来，再一个一个往检票机里塞，当当当当，折腾了好一阵才算过关。不由得齐声感叹，这售票系统真是比咱北京的纸票换磁条系统还脑残。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;还好，下了Muni，恰好赶上7：15的Caltrain，而且在中途还碰上了难得一见的检票员。Caltrain上车不检票，中途随机抽检，虽然据说逃跑被抓罚得很重，不过概率挺低的。今天这位检票员大哥格外魁梧，声如洪钟，一进车厢扎好马步就大吼一声，“都买票了吗？” 乘客们稀稀落落地回应，“买了。” 检票员对回应不太满意，于是又吼一声：“有票的就大点声！”于是大家像阅兵一样齐声回答：“Yes！” 这一回检票员大哥终于满意了，“很好，都有票，那我就不查了。” 于是大步流星走向下一节车厢。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3499017181736984940?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3499017181736984940/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3499017181736984940' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3499017181736984940'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3499017181736984940'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post.html' title='检票'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8686308762923852259</id><published>2009-10-12T22:01:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-12T22:01:44.963-07:00</updated><title type='text'>与Elinor擦肩而过</title><content type='html'>今早去实验室点卯，在走廊里被Apollo喊住。看他一脸兴奋，可是又不讲为何，就只是手指着显示器让我看——哇，Elinor Ostrom拿了诺贝尔经济学奖——还真是个不大不小的惊喜。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如部分媒体所言，Elinor获奖多多少少算是一个意外，因为她并不是一个传统意义上的经济学家，她的工作更多时候被划分为政治科学。当然意外只是对于传统的经济学家而言。在跨学科学术交流日益频繁的时代背景之下，保守的界限划分更像是画地为牢，且不说学科本身就是一个模糊概念，充其量只算是一个传统而已。就学术成就的重要性而论，Elinor的桂冠应算实至名归，她为解决“公共地悲剧”问题倾注了毕生精力，打破了新古典主义经济学不合实际的“经济人”假设，证明人类社群自发合作的潜力，为当前人类社会所面临的资源环境问题指出了希望之路。与另几位所谓“热门”的传统经济学家候选人相比，Elinor的贡献更具有现实意义。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;作为一个生态学工作者，对于Elinor的获奖感到欣喜是很自然的事情。而对于我个人而言，惊喜还不止于此。由于硕士生阶段研究课题的缘故，我基本上翻阅了Elinor近十年出版的全部论著，研究的灵感与思路也部分来源于此。毕业那一年正巧赶上Elinor在ASU组织创立制度多样性研究中心，所以递交了一份申请。后来，还真的拿到了一个offer，可惜来的太迟，已经决定赶奔湾区，只好电话婉拒。不想次日老太太本人亲自操刀写了Email过来游说，真是又惊又喜又遗憾。算了，过去的事情就让它过去吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不管怎么说，就是擦肩而过，也算一面之识，写信道贺一句应算情理之中。只是老太太八成已经不记得这个毛头小子了，等明年春天开会的时候当面问问她就知道了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;回头还得补一句，其实得不得奖倒是次要的，关注社会正义、奉献公共福利才是意义所在。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8686308762923852259?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8686308762923852259/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8686308762923852259' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8686308762923852259'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8686308762923852259'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/10/elinor.html' title='与Elinor擦肩而过'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2450935162696576401</id><published>2009-10-11T23:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-11T23:30:50.088-07:00</updated><title type='text'>A warbler hit my window</title><content type='html'>I found a dead warbler lying on the ground outside the window of my living room while I was watering my flowers. I first mistook it as a flycatcher, but finally figured out by the bright yellow uppertail coverts that it is a yellow rumped warbler. It is a juvenile, as it does not have yellow feathers on the chest and the head, which once confused me. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhaps I need to put a warning note on the window, in birdish, of course, as I'm setting up a hummingbird feeder right there. The rate of human technology development is way beyond the evolution of the wildlife cognition, but some of them adapt quickly, as crows and raccoons; some don't, like this poor flycatcher and a lot of others. The "natural" selection is going on.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2450935162696576401?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2450935162696576401/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2450935162696576401' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2450935162696576401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2450935162696576401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/10/warbler-hit-my-window.html' title='A warbler hit my window'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1875862232376002953</id><published>2009-09-26T23:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-26T23:48:14.008-07:00</updated><title type='text'>拯救小鸟瑞恩</title><content type='html'>“我是一只小小小小鸟，想要飞却飞也飞不高……”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这只飞不高的小小鸟叫做瑞恩（Wren，中文名鹪鹩，种名Bewick's Wren，拉丁名Thryomanes bewickii）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;昨天上午，由于在家准备去Pinnacles的行囊，“上工”比往常晚一些。正是这些许耽搁，促成了后面的故事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;骑车穿过EV，路线一成不变，基本不需大脑思考，靠习惯性记忆执行固定程序：右转，左转，右转……在这个转弯处听到奇怪的噪音，下意识减速，回头——某宿舍门前放着一大块苍蝇纸，上面落着，确切说是黏着，一只鹪鹩（如果是一只麻雀，我可能一时不敢肯定，因为加州颇有一些外形近似麻雀的鸟；但是鹪鹩，没有人会认错她/他高高竖起的尾羽）。急救信号！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/Sr8J1EtwLnI/AAAAAAAAB20/TZphHX3VB5U/s1600-h/P1010875.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/Sr8J1EtwLnI/AAAAAAAAB20/TZphHX3VB5U/s400/P1010875.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/Sr8KB-UqYlI/AAAAAAAAB28/ysbd1y05qis/s1600-h/P1010873.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/Sr8KB-UqYlI/AAAAAAAAB28/ysbd1y05qis/s400/P1010873.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;自行车扔一边，迅速检查情况。糟糕，看来小鸟瑞恩已经挣扎了有一会儿，双腿、双翼和整个腹部都牢牢地黏在纸上，只有标志性的尾羽依旧高耸。好在离家不远，赶快捧起来往回走（为啥不跑？鹪鹩的性子急，困在纸上本来就紧张，被人捧起来更紧张，再颠一阵，恐怕不等到家就不行了）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;放在桌上仔细检查，黏性太强，手指接触之后都难拔下来，硬来肯定不行。放在水池里浸泡，依然无效。换玉米油（这是一个疑问手，当时病急乱投医，可能留下后遗症），终于见效，几分钟之后稍加晃动，小鸟瑞恩自己跳了起来——一只翅膀上基本已经没有羽毛，腹部的羽毛也所剩无几，惨不忍睹，基本已经认不出是瑞恩“本鸟”了。不过看来腿部没有骨折，一眨眼就跳到厨房墙角的铁锅背后去了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由于心理没底，不敢使劲，费了半天力气才总算把他/她堵住。要把油洗掉又成了一个难题，因为植物油脂可能会影响羽毛本身的透气性。一时想不出好办法，又赶着去上课，只好给瑞恩泡了个简单的清水澡，暂放在一个纸箱里，回过头急忙上网发信求援。然后飞奔至案发地，扶起自行车赶奔系里上课。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一小时后，跑进办公室检查邮件。信箱里已然洪水泛滥，咱ecoevo果然不是徒有虚名，各个实验室的同学和教授纷纷支招，电话这时候也开始震个不停。基本上是有钱的要出钱，有力的要出力，整个一全民动员。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;经群策群力，最后找到了动物救治恢复专家Chase同学（三年工作经验！），事不宜迟，边走边交流，跑着追上了A Line Bus。风风火火赶回家，却发现箱子里只剩水、面包屑和纸巾，瑞恩不见了！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;好消息和坏消息。好消息是，瑞恩跳出大纸箱，说明健康状况不坏。坏消息是，要在我们这个物品摆放杂乱无章的大客厅里找出这个潜逃的5英寸小家伙实在不易。两个人趴在地毯上像猎狗一样搜索了半天，总算把他/她翻了出来，看来精神状态确实还不错，虽然不能飞，跑得还是飞快，又费了半天工夫才捕获逃犯。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;经过专业快速身体检查，确认无骨折，两人都长出一口气。接下来是一套专业护理，洗澡、烘干、搭窝、喂食（蚯蚓！），病人正式转交专家护理。我心释然（后来才想起，忘记吃午饭了）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;无论是在Happy hour上，还是在Pinnacles的宿营地，每个人见到我的第一句话就是：How is the bird? 以前都是问"How are you?"看来人不如鸟。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;故事该告一段落了，哦，等等，还有一件重要的事要做。今晚吃过饭，我拎着相机敲开了肇事者的房门。小伙子很友好，看了照片立即表示歉意，知错能改，善莫大焉。任务完成。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最后再强调一下：请一定把你的苍蝇纸锁在屋子里。关爱环境，举手之劳。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1875862232376002953?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1875862232376002953/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1875862232376002953' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1875862232376002953'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1875862232376002953'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_26.html' title='拯救小鸟瑞恩'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/Sr8J1EtwLnI/AAAAAAAAB20/TZphHX3VB5U/s72-c/P1010875.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-164466181608148106</id><published>2009-09-15T23:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-16T00:09:49.606-07:00</updated><title type='text'>变化</title><content type='html'>人总是在变化的，不单单是变老，更多的是因环境转变引起的行为上的变化。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;来美国一年整。更确切地说，是来到美国西海岸加利福尼亚北部某大学一年整，期间接触若干人，基本吻合物以类聚人以群分之规律，思想在自愿的基础上被一定程度同化。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;书案上左手摆着Bernd Heinrich的&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Trees in My Forest&lt;/span&gt;，右手摊着Kenneth Arrow的&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Social Choice and Individual Values&lt;/span&gt;，这就是目前的个人基本状态。学术上趋于理论化，对一切行为研究皆感兴趣，反对基因决定论及其派生的狭义“进化心理学”等等，基本无视一切权威；政治上更坚定地倾向于自由左派（当然这只是一个本身无意义的相对概念）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我是谁？我在做什么，我就是谁。当我在做好事的时候，我就是好人；当我在做坏事的时候，我就是坏人。到咽气那一天，把一辈子做过的事情按时间积分起来，就是对这个人的定义。不过即便盖棺也难论定，这个定义也还是会随环境继续变化，只是本人无需在担心罢了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-164466181608148106?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/164466181608148106/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=164466181608148106' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/164466181608148106'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/164466181608148106'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post_15.html' title='变化'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4611899894826913346</id><published>2009-09-12T02:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-12T02:16:55.735-07:00</updated><title type='text'>9/11探访District 9</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.douban.com/subject/3006772/"&gt;&lt;img src="http://t.douban.com/mpic/s3866706.jpg" style="border: 0pt none ; padding: 10px; float: left;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不论是有意安排还是纯属巧合，总之是要感谢Viola同学在9/11当日组织的“第九区”访问活动。作为身在美国的旁观者，还真是想不出一个更适合在这个特殊日子的简单、时髦的纪念方式了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;访问之行的开头看着挺俗的，就是由几个官员、记者和专家或一本正经或谈笑风生地介绍一个设在约翰内斯堡（这个地点选得很有意思）的大难民营，唯一特别的地方就是难民们长相实在是偏离大众审美有点儿远。不过这也不算太新鲜，从我们的老祖宗记录“百越纹身地”到现代媒体报道刚果内战，不一直都是这样一个调调吗？环境是脏乱差的，人是愚笨丑陋野蛮的，总之是与“我们”不一样，所以一定要划清界限。隔离墙……来的新鲜不行吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;接下来，由Wikus向大家演示如何恩威并施地逼外星人在拆迁协议书上画押，这一段对更是再熟悉不过了。公安城管破门而入，不服就拳脚相加，谁敢充钉子户就让他消失，很好很和谐。美国大兵深更半夜抓捕阿富汗人，然后扔进黑牢一关几年，最后一审原来抓错人，一脚踢出国外了事。所以，这绝对算不上歧视外星人。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;贫民窟自然也少不了黑市交易，一个超级暴力机器人换一千个猫食罐头，最后一百个成交，结果罐头还没拿走就被砍了。当初欧洲人跟美洲土著印第安人就是这么做生意的吧，一屋子黄金换一个皇帝的性命，结果黄金收了，人也砍了。皮萨罗再牛也不能以一敌万吧，看来不是武力差异的问题，是脑子的问题，人善被人欺。真是奇怪，外星大虾米也有上百万之众，按说怎么也该变异出一两个高智商的流氓骗子才对。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一不小心出了岔子，Wikus同志自己来了个意外地180度身份转变，王子变贫儿，比《变形记》还惨，因为政府要拿他做实验，看来免不了要大卸八块、组织培养、PCR，最后变成裱好的电泳图谱以供观瞻了。还好，他是主角，所以幸免于难，不过只能半人半虾地游走于阴阳界之间。也好，过两天难民的日子，好好反省反省。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;反省，大概这世上最难得事情莫过于此了。有些学者认为换位思考是人与其他动物（比如黑猩猩）在认知能力上的关键区别，我觉得这要求有点儿高，就算把这些学者拉过来做测试也未必能通得过。世贸双塔倒了快十年了，美国大兵还道貌岸然地赖在阿富汗；黑狱虐囚丑闻曝光了这么久，布什、切尼还不是照领大把的养老金安享退休生活，赖斯居然还冒着被唾沫星子淹死的危险跑回斯坦福。可见反省之难，真应该把他们统统关进关塔那摩住半年体验体验生活。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;片子看到一半，不禁想起旁听人类学课时看过的一部片子&lt;i&gt;BabaKiueria&lt;/i&gt;。名字有点儿怪是吧，试着读一下，对咯，Barbecue Area。讲的是一直黑人部队突然登陆澳洲，问海边烧烤的人这是什么地方，答曰：BBQ Area。于是澳洲就此更名&lt;i&gt;BabaKiueria&lt;/i&gt;，并成为一个黑人殖民下的国家。片子的主要内容就是一个黑人人类学家走入神秘的白人社区，向大家展示诡异的白人文化，包括宗教、家庭方方面面，一切都显得难以理喻……如果翻翻列维斯特劳斯以来的“经典”人类学著作，不难发现大多带有浓重的先入为主的殖民主义色彩——凡是与我不同的，都是不正常的、落后的、病态的——所以现代的人道主义不适用他们，歧视理所应当。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当然，也该看到光明的一面，我们从奴隶制一路走来，到如今选出一个半黑的美国总统，变化是显而易见的，所以也该相信未来会更进一步，如果将之定义为进步的话。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对结尾Wikus大虾造型不甚满意的朋友们，尽可期待续集降临：三年后，飞船归来，百万外星人胜利还乡，主角与爱妻破镜重圆。只不过，既然大家都想到了，这续集拍不拍还有什么意义么？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4611899894826913346?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4611899894826913346/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4611899894826913346' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4611899894826913346'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4611899894826913346'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/09/911district-9.html' title='9/11探访District 9'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2868081375107225405</id><published>2009-09-07T21:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-07T21:42:24.890-07:00</updated><title type='text'>一剑光寒四十州</title><content type='html'>昨天到朋友家做客，见其邻居门上一副褪色的对联：“满堂花醉三千客，一剑光寒四十州。”顿感一震。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google之，原句为“满堂花醉三千客，一剑霜寒十四州”，出于唐朝诗僧贯休之笔，“十四”与“四十”之间，还有一段故事。贯休以此诗求见于吴越王錢璆，不料錢璆竟不满足于“十四”而要其改之为“四十”以装点门面。贯休答：“州亦難添，詩亦難改，閑雲孤鶴，何天不可飛？”于是贯休继续云游终成一代高僧，而錢璆则未能圆其四十州之梦。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一剑光寒四十州，所言为气魄而非功绩，一旦拘泥于“十四”与“四十”之间，气魄便荡然无存了。来美之后，更感到中国的学术受困于SCI影响因子之类而难以自拔。与其如此，倒不如多做实事，少谈文章。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2868081375107225405?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2868081375107225405/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2868081375107225405' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2868081375107225405'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2868081375107225405'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/09/blog-post.html' title='一剑光寒四十州'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1507818292189657319</id><published>2009-08-18T00:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-18T00:50:01.233-07:00</updated><title type='text'>人造的隔阂</title><content type='html'>从近期的报道来看，新疆的骚乱似乎已经暂且平息，不过平息事态是一回事，消除矛盾是另一回事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;既然是矛盾，总要有冲突的双方。随手翻开一家媒体的相关报道，中文也好，英文也好，官方喉舌也罢，民间声音也罢，反复冲击眼球的总是两个词：“维族”和“汉族”。这种默契实在让人惊讶，仿佛这世界上的人就只能按照民族这唯一的标准来分类。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人的身份认同本是一个十分复杂的问题。一个人可以同时是A国籍、B种族、C民族、D经济阶层、E文化程度、F政治倾向，更可以同时是儿子、丈 夫、父亲、工人、雇主、俱乐部成员…… 任意选出两个人来，无论表面上看来差异有多大或多小，总能找出一大堆相同之处，也总有不少各自的独特之处。所以所谓“客观”的身份划分几乎是不可能的，即便是从个人主观意愿 出发，身份认同也会因环境而变化。即便仅仅考虑生物因素，比如就黑人与白人的先天差异而言，种族差异也只能解释个体基因差异的15%左右，所以过度强调某种身份造成的普遍差异总是夸大其辞的。而如果将这种机械的身份划分付诸于政治实践，就等同于埋下仇恨与悲剧的种子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从人类历史的大尺度来看，融合乃是大势所趋，就像我工作的实验室每个星期要有来自7个国家的人同时挤在一个小屋里开组会，而很少会有人在意国籍问题。然而反其道而行之的例子却也在这个世界上不断的发生，比如希特勒通过测量人的生理特征（比如鼻子高矮）划分民族，并屠杀“劣等民族”。更不幸的是，希特勒并不是特例，他的死敌斯大林也具有一样的人类学爱好，而且后者的影响显然更加深远。斯大林虽然没有直接将某一民族直接拉进焚尸炉，但其目的也显然不在于追求一个人类学的学术成就，说起来倒也简单，只是便于“管理”——以后挖运河抓劳工或者往西伯利亚填充人口的时候就省事了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国作为硕果仅存的少数社会主义国家之一，自然也原封不动地继承了斯大林同志留下的光荣传统，即官方划分民族成分，于是在那个时候很多人第一次获知原来自己属于XX民族。从小就背诵“中国有五十六个民族”，却从来不曾有人解释为何是五十六个，而不是五十五个或者五十七个。后来做田野工作的时候，遇到中原人迁到山区摇身一变成了“藏侨”。还有每到两会或者节假日，首都就出现身着民族服饰的载歌载舞的少数民族代表，其实队伍里往往有一大半是拉壮丁充数的——脱了衣服，谁能确认哪一个是A民族或者B民族呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;文化的多样性固然是存在的并且值得尊重的，但文化就是文化，因文化差异而搞出经济法律等基本权利的差别对待实在是荒谬的本末倒置。如果我们所期待的是社会公正，是人人平等，那么经济分配上向低收入群体倾斜是正当的，教育资源分配上照顾教育不发达地区是合理的，但是因“民族”不同而区别对待又是什么道理呢？ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当然强调民族也不算稀奇，咱中国人在阶级立场问题上从不马虎：贫农斗争富农，造反派打倒走资派，外地人进京要暂住证……到现在中国人登记身份的时候还是要填写“家庭出身”，更不用说那独具中国特色的“户口”制度了。没错，这样一来的确是便于管理，不过其副作用恐怕远远大于这一点点便利。很多真实事件和实验都证明，即便是纯粹人为地划分类别，人们也会逐渐相信分属不同类别的人确实不同，进而强化了类别标签的影响，二者相互强化，造成相互排斥的结局。在韶关，当人们听说强奸的传闻时，很多汉族工人只选择性地接收到一条信息：维族人害了汉族人；在新疆，当听说韶关的骚乱之后，很多维族人也只选择性地接收到一条信息：汉族人杀了维族人。于是个人行为一下就上升成为了群体特征。当然滥用归纳法也不算是中国特色，伊拉克的逊尼派和什叶派打得火热，北爱尔兰的天主教徒和新教徒也势不两立，大概一旦贴上不同的标签，对方就不算是地球人了。这大概是一切战争和屠杀必备的有效战前动员。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;记得美国新科总统奥巴马在党内初选期间在费城发表过一场力挽狂澜的演讲，背景是他的黑人牧师在此之前公开发表了一番仇视白人的言论，使得奥巴马深陷漩涡。奥巴马直言不讳地承认了美国黑人与白人之间存在的问题，即双方都认为自己受到了不公正待遇，其原因在于目前的反种族歧视政策过于机械僵化，比如说规定一个雇主必须雇佣不得少于一定比例的黑人，而完全忽略其他因素。无论黑人白人，一个共同的前提是他们都是人，都是属于同一个国家的平等公民，所以应该遵从公正的标准，而不应因肤色而影响公正，无论是对哪一方的歧视。一个好的政策应当力求淡化种族差异，而不是强化它的社会影响。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;同样，中国的所谓“民族问题”，其实更准确的表述应当是个人之间的贫富分化问题，只不过这种差异在某些情况下与“民族”分布有一定的相关性。如果我们认为不同“民族”的人在天赋能力上是平等的，那么在法律与经济政策上也应当保持这一平等性。不要再滥用“民族”之类的人造标签了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1507818292189657319?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1507818292189657319/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1507818292189657319' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1507818292189657319'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1507818292189657319'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/08/blog-post.html' title='人造的隔阂'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4549027623719556645</id><published>2009-06-24T02:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T02:42:31.653-07:00</updated><title type='text'>再说遗传：写在父亲节之后</title><content type='html'>在国内的时候一直无视“洋节日”，所以每每在父亲节被老爹在电话里教育一通。到了美国，大约提前半个多月就已经是满眼的父亲节促销广告，周末的纽约时报上更是连篇累牍地刊载父子关系的软文，跟读者文摘差不多，看得人直倒牙，自然也就忘不掉了，于是早早拨电话回去给老爷子请安。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;赶巧第二天Jeremy博士论文答辩，题目是genetic imprinting，也就是同一等位基因因来源不同（父方或母方）而表达不同的现象。更直白一点儿说，有一些基因，如果是从母亲一方遗传所得，即表现为隐性，而如果是从父亲一方得来，则表现为显性；或者正相反。于是在随后开香槟庆祝的时候，一向爱开玩笑的Ricardo指着Jeremy的哥哥小声跟我说：“今天见到Jeremy的哥哥，我终于明白为什么他要研究imprinting了（——这哥俩儿长得太不像了）。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Imprinting并不限于这类简单的基因选择性表达，后天行为上的imprinting可能更为普遍和重要。比如说小鸭子会把孵化以后见到的第一个移动物体作为模板来模仿。人类作为复杂文化的载体更是如此。人们常说有其父必有其子，显然不只是针对长相而言，通常情况下父母都是子女一生当中第一个也可能是最为关键的一个榜样，所以子女在幼年时很自然会把父母的各种好的坏的和不好不坏的习惯一律照单全收。如果父母在行事风格上有很大差异，那可能就要看谁与子女的接触更多关系更为亲密了。另外如果在一个社会文化中有明确的社会性别分工，那么父母双方也往往会可以地使儿子更多模仿父亲，让女儿更多模仿母亲。如果教育方式颠倒了，那么就有可能产生子女社会性别在一定程度上的颠倒。不过，由于人具有自我反思的能力，过度的强化教育也可能导致逆反的结果。从小上“奥数”辅导班就能培养起对数学的兴趣？那可未必。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;基因的遗传与行为上的遗传加在一起仍然还不是遗传的全部，否则父母们也不必拼命赚钱了。环境也是可以遗传的，所以才古有孟母三迁，今有高价择校。皇位是遗传的，贵族是世袭的，遗产是继承的，一个人忙忙碌碌一辈子，不但是为了能把自己的坟头修得高一点儿，还要把财富地位等等等等传给下一代。单从这一意义上来讲，太子党之类现象的出现倒也是父母之爱的正常体现。只不过，一方面，温室的花朵往往经不起雨打风吹，万贯家财也未必换得来一个健全的人格。另一方面，父母之爱虽然是人之常情，却未必符合社会正义。如果一个家长帮着自家孩子欺负别人家孩子，人们会鄙视之为“护犊”，那么一个公务员滥用公权力为子女谋私利，就更不能为社会公众所容。至于金二世金三世之类的现象，就只能说是历史的返祖了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;基因之外，究竟遗传多少东西给子女为好？这可真是个难题。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4549027623719556645?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4549027623719556645/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4549027623719556645' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4549027623719556645'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4549027623719556645'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/06/blog-post_24.html' title='再说遗传：写在父亲节之后'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7619568022715296643</id><published>2009-06-21T01:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-21T01:27:20.723-07:00</updated><title type='text'>呼吁中共取缔互联网</title><content type='html'>近来国内似乎不是很和谐，比如说湖北接连出了巴东邓玉娇与石首涂远高两起震惊中外的群众事件，连我这美国乡下都惊动了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;要说这两起案件本身实在也算不上什么大事，哪个18岁以上的中国人还讲不出几个比这感天动地的本地版《窦娥冤》。所以依我看，破坏和谐的最大帮凶就是互联网。Internet，单听这名字就够邪恶的，国际互联网，难不成要把全世界人都组织起来，实在是太危险了。要知道我党当年可就是靠着走群众路线发展非法地下组织起家的，这要是有人效仿，那还得了？（瞧瞧伊朗这通折腾，都是twitter给闹的。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;英明神武的我党自然早有对策，先造一盾，再建一坝，其规模之宏大，构思之大胆，堪称世界第八和第九大奇迹而无愧矣。不过我党高层过于宅心仁厚，不忍将此孽畜斩首，而只将其阉割，待其浪子回头。然而百足之虫，死而不僵，尽管层层审查人员加班加点昼夜奋战，仍有大量残毒流窜于各隐蔽角落，伺机反扑，所以才挑起近来接连的群体性事件，危害不可谓不大，是可忍孰不可忍！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;长远之计，唯有彻底取缔互联网。学习先进思想，新闻联播足矣。不信，可参考近邻朝鲜，人家没有internet，老百姓照样快乐且更充实地生活着。可见我们需要向朝鲜学习的，可不仅仅是足球而已。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7619568022715296643?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7619568022715296643/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7619568022715296643' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7619568022715296643'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7619568022715296643'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/06/blog-post_21.html' title='呼吁中共取缔互联网'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7249516774222460380</id><published>2009-06-05T02:21:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-05T02:24:21.062-07:00</updated><title type='text'>漫长的一天</title><content type='html'>终于熬过了这漫长的一天。赶场似的连续在两个学术会议上用半生不熟的英文做互不相干的两个报告，然后没完没了的讨论，晚上帮人搬家，终于坐下来喘了口气，方才想起今天是个不平凡的日子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;二十年前，这成为一个不平凡的日子，而此后人们只能用沉默来纪念她的名字，这份沉默每持续一天，这份不平凡也累增一分。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以事后诸葛亮的角度来看，二十年前在发生的事情并不算意外，真正让人感到意外的应该是当其他发生类似事件的前社会主义盟友们纷纷发生政治变革走上民主化道路时，只有中国依旧在政治体制上毫不动摇。相应的另一个奇特现象是这二十年来中国同时保持的高速经济增长。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;于是，抛去事件本身不谈，大概有人会认为事实证明在当年的“邓赵之争”中，邓是正确的。因为相比于其他前社会主义“变节分子”，中国的经济发展形势是最好的，这似乎可以说明维持中国的政体相较于民主化于国于民都是一个更优的选择。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这是一个吊诡的逻辑。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;首先，中国与东欧国家比较发展速度是不合理的，因为两者的初始状态相差甚远。这就好像在比较一个5岁孩子甲与一个15岁孩子乙的身高增长速度，甲长得快并不能证明这是甲相对于乙的先天优势，更不能说明甲的饮食结构更合理。就这个问题，看一看前几天《明镜周刊》上刊载的东德老照片就一目了然了。更有意义的比较方式是把甲与年龄相仿的丙相比，比如身边的亚洲四小龙。显然中国尚有不如，能否赶上，仍未可知。总之经济发展与政治体制的关系并不明朗，只要是出口外向型经济，又有充足的廉价劳动力储备，经济增长是水到渠成的事情。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其次，经济水平并非衡量国民福利的唯一指标。自由的意义并不仅仅在于其对于经济发展的影响，而其根本意义在于自由本身是一笔重要财富。一个极端的例证是保释制度的存在，我并不想说保释制度是合理的，但是这至少直接证明人们确实愿意花一大笔钱换取自由，也就是说，自由本身是有价值的。而且自由的价值往往是随经济水平水涨船高的。所以即便牺牲自由真的换来了更高的经济回报，也很难讲这笔投资是否划算。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;更有，国家整体的经济发展与国民的福利提高是两回事情，虽然两者通常或多或少正相关。古埃及也很富庶，但是广大奴隶们并不幸福。同理，GDP长得快，腰包鼓起来的只是极少数人。诚然，民主化的国家也不能保证避免贫富分化，但是从长期趋势来看，民主制度能够将贫富分化限制在一定范围内，而一个集权制度必然导致财富与权力的严重分配不均。受益者或者是封建君王，或者是官僚资本家，反正普通老百姓只有捡剩饭的份儿，还要叩头感谢“老爷开恩”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最后，中国人为什么能够忍受沉默？中国人并不比其他民族更“逆来顺受”，至少差异并不足以造成这种长达二十年的独一无二的沉默。人们能够忍受沉默是因为对于自由的需求在一定程度上被经济条件的改善所补偿。但是如前所述，自由的价值随经济水平水涨船高，所以经济增长永远也不能彻底掩盖对自由的需求，而只是将其推迟。于是，我们可以清晰的预见，这种沉默将随经济增长的停滞而被打破。而经济增长的停滞只会发生在廉价劳动力资源枯竭之后，也就是说，对于拥有十几亿人口的中国，沉默还将持续。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过，漫长的一天也终会有尽头。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7249516774222460380?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7249516774222460380/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7249516774222460380' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7249516774222460380'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7249516774222460380'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/06/blog-post.html' title='漫长的一天'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-664485486479150924</id><published>2009-05-08T00:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-08T00:46:54.170-07:00</updated><title type='text'>倒霉的切尔西，健忘的希丁克</title><content type='html'>这本来是一场人气一边倒的比赛，小白打进决杀一球的时候，整个大厅里的人都在狂欢。但是我回过头小声对Ricardo说，“我也支持巴萨，但是我觉得今天切尔西更配得上一场胜利。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;巴萨踢得烂到家了，实在看不出是刚刚血洗皇马的同一支球队；切尔西的射手也够挫，大把的机会肆意挥霍；当然今天场上的主角还是无可争议地归属于挪威裁判，赛后切尔西的队员围着他不依不饶也确实有情可原，要换成中国球员，这光头就不一定能活着走出去了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过嘛，赛后希丁克的言论几乎抵消了我对于切尔西的同情（相信很多中立球迷也有同样感受）。“这是我见过的最差的裁判。”这话如果出自任何一个切尔西球员之口，我都觉得可以理解，然而当他从希丁克的嘴里冒出来，就很让人诧异了。看起来荷兰人还没有老到痴呆的程度，怎么这么快就把自己当年说过的话都忘得一干二净了呢？7年前带着韩国队连续黑掉葡萄牙、意大利和西班牙的时候，他可绝对不是这个态度：“意大利人和西班牙人（直接把葡萄牙藐视了）应该在自己身上找问题（下一次应该多给裁判塞一点儿），而不是指责裁判。裁判也是人，犯错是很正常的。”3年前马特拉齐因为飞铲队友赞布罗塔吃红牌的时候，他也没少幸灾乐祸，倒是最后输了球没忘记指责对手“太保守”。今天这“最差”又从何说起？莫非前两天刚刚把内存清空了？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;即便做不得真君子，再不济也得做个真小人吧，正所谓“占得起便宜就得吃得起亏”。当了婊子也就算了，还要立牌坊就太不象话了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-664485486479150924?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/664485486479150924/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=664485486479150924' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/664485486479150924'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/664485486479150924'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/05/blog-post.html' title='倒霉的切尔西，健忘的希丁克'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4327793891504604400</id><published>2009-03-29T11:28:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-29T11:32:27.529-07:00</updated><title type='text'>依然CLINT</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.douban.com/subject/3026357/"&gt;&lt;img src="http://otho.douban.com/mpic/s3317273.jpg" style="border: 0pt none ; padding: 0pt 5px 5px 5pt; float: left;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;前些日子读Binmore的新书Playing for Real，第一章举了一个“电影明星博弈”的例子（其实就是鹰鸽博弈的一个变形），其中的一种策略就叫Clint——遇鸽则鸽，遇鹰则鹰——东木头的老牛仔形象跃然纸上。&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;　　不过，仅以“人不犯我，我不犯人”来概括东木头的荧幕形象似乎并不够准确，无论是早期的意大利面条西部片中的大镖客，还是近来“百万宝贝”和 “老爷车”中孤独落寞的倔老头，他都始终如一地扮演着美国式个人主义(individualism)的完美化身，所不同的只是随年龄越来越内化。&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;　　东木头的电影总不免让人联想起东方的武侠，无论是金庸笔下的独行大侠，还是黑泽明镜头里的流浪武士，似乎都具有类似独立孤僻的个性，只不过有 时候表现为路见不平拔刀相助的勇气，有时候表现为无法无天草菅人命的暴躁。所不同的是，东方的武侠基本上生存在神乎其神的yy中，而美国式的个人主义依然 在大平原的荒野上发荣滋长着。&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;　　千万不要混淆了个人主义与利己主义（egoism），前者是与集体主义相对的，而后者是与利他主义相对的，一个看重的是过程，一个追求的是结 果。简单来说，个人主义就是“我的地盘我做主，天王老子也管不着”。所以在电影里，凡是老爷子看不顺眼的，甭管是儿女、牧师还是黑帮，统统给我一边凉快 着，小心双筒猎枪伺候！对了，美国人的枪文化还就是与个人主义的繁盛密不可分。每一次美国闹校园枪击案的时候，总有些自以为是的人出来指出禁枪法令之所以 不能通过，都是因为美国政府拿了军火商的钱。美国政府可没有百年如一日愚昧老百姓的本事，枪不能禁，因为它是个人主义的根基，腰里的枪杆子没了，个人主义 就死了，个人主义死了，美国也就不再是美国了。把历史翻回到两百二十年前，James Madison在美国国会提出旨在保护个人自由的宪法修正案，两年后在Jefferson的支持下通过，即著名的Bill of Rights，其中重要一条就是不得侵犯公民持有武器的权利。美国是一个没有过君主的国家，所以美国人也没有信任政府的传统，只有自己腰里的枪杆子才绝对 可靠的安全保障。&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;　　当然，无限的个人自由是不可能构建“和谐社会”的，这一点咱的政治课本倒是没说错，错的是后边的结论：所以专政是必需的。这是典型的畜生逻 辑，因为这中间隐藏了一个默认的假设，即人人都是自私自利弱肉强食的畜生。没错，这世界上是有些畜生，但同时也有很多“人”。个人主义或是集体主义并不是 区分畜生与人的界限。&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;　　东木头的角色就总是如此，一方面总是貌似冷若冰霜拒人于千里之外，另一方面又总是关注周围人群的一举一动喜怒哀乐。平时冷若冰霜只是因为尚未 触及其社会道德观念的底限，一旦这个底限被突破了，他会如同自己受伤一样义无反顾地拔枪相助。叫警察？这世界上有谁真的信任警察吗？&lt;br /&gt;　　&lt;br /&gt;　　如果这世上只有一个“柯林特”，个人主义早就灭亡了；如果这世上有千万个“柯林特”，那就是无政府主义的乌托邦。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4327793891504604400?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4327793891504604400/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4327793891504604400' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4327793891504604400'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4327793891504604400'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/03/clint.html' title='依然CLINT'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3947249429149919411</id><published>2009-02-26T23:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-26T23:43:37.761-08:00</updated><title type='text'>向左，向左</title><content type='html'>自我能分别“左右”起，中国的经济政策就一直在坚定不移地向右转，随然脚步时快时慢，但“中国特色的社会主义”的大方向确实是没有动摇过，结果是堆起了基尼系数和GDP双座飞速增长的高峰。几家欢笑几家愁，是福？是祸？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;时空交错，转眼身在美国，却发现这个资本主义的火车头居然在向左。身边的伙计们，不论是老的少的，男的女的，黑的白的，一个赛一个的左。打发业余时间最简单的方法就是约上几个老的少的男的女的黑的白的，找一部纪录片，开一打啤酒，探讨探讨社会公平，再顺带揶揄揶揄前总统。这可是生物系哟。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;话说来的也真巧，不但赶上几十年不遇的大萧条，也见识了美国人民“欢送”前总统和迎接新总统的政治热情。还记得登基大典那天一大早，会议室里挤个满满登登，个个全神贯注，居然鸦雀无声。为啥？We are waiting for CHANGE！转变，不是向左就是向右。向右？W都已经把山姆大叔的大卡车开到右边的水沟里去了。向左？可不容易，Obama想给富人稍微加点儿税，就蹦出个水管工捍卫“美国梦”。财富再分配？这可是社会主义倾向！共和党的漫画都把Obama和Marx画到一起了，别忘了，这可是参议员麦肯锡的老家。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;新官上任一个半月，Obama到底没让大伙失望。今天刚抛出来的经济预算案，算是彻底宣布要甩开膀子向左转了。把大资本家们的伸手等着的“救命钱”砍了投给社会医疗和普及教育，赤字的窟窿就从富人身上拔两根汗毛补吧。什么？“大政府”？谁想要自由市场去找格林斯潘说去吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;向左？向右？司机说了也不算，方向由路决定。“坚定不移”地朝一个方向前进，这是想拉着一车人发动自杀性袭击吗？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3947249429149919411?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3947249429149919411/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3947249429149919411' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3947249429149919411'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3947249429149919411'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post_27.html' title='向左，向左'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-202899913517146510</id><published>2009-02-14T16:27:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-15T01:53:28.307-08:00</updated><title type='text'>山羊的幸福</title><content type='html'>从小就听大人们讲过无数遍那个可怜的小山羊的寓言：小山羊上山岗，这山望着那山高。西方人的山羊也同样可怜，他们的说法是“篱笆那面的草更绿”。由此经济学家能够得出的一个结论是：山羊不是理性的，因为理性的基础是一致性的偏好。那么人又如何呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;前两天在学校里聚众观摩反战影片，然后聊天，发现哪里的愤青都是一样一样的。痛批资本主义，大骂美国政府，基本上就差高喊社会主义好了。话说这半年里已经不止一次有美国朋友向我表示对中国政府的羡慕了（也可能是我的朋友里左派多了一点儿），每一次都搞得我张口结舌。除了夸中国男足是世界一流强队之外，这大概是最让我觉得不可思议的“恭维”。但我相信这也确实是他们的真实情感，虽然肯定不是理性思维的结果，这就跟当初在国内我们一帮穷小子围在一起忧天悯人顺带还赞颂美帝的民主制度一样。抛去客观情况不谈，主观感受上有一点总是不变的，那就是自己总不如别人幸福，此刻总是比不上过去，但将来总会更好。幸福啊，总是在对面的山岗上，在篱笆的那一头。人，也不过如此。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;又想起那匹可怜的马，拼命跑啊跑啊，苹果还是挂在车夫的鞭子杆上，把舌头伸到尽头也总还是差那么一寸。唯一的出路是改造自己的幸福观——要么知足常乐，要么享受过程，其实都是一回事。一个是告诉自己，能看到苹果在眼前就应该知足，忘了嘴馋的念头吧；另一个是让自己相信，其实吃不吃苹果不打紧，拉车是为了锻炼身体。什么？太阿Q？阿Q有什么不好，至少还省了抽大麻。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;老天爷啊，你为啥要把人类都塑造成可怜的西绪弗斯呢？哦，对了，老天爷压根就不存在，那只有去问达尔文先生了，其实问了也白问，他一准还是反复嘟囔那两个字：进化，进化。没错，所有物种都在红皇后的旋转房间里跑圈，你要是感觉幸福，你就停下来不跑了，那别人就要超过你了，于是你就被淘汰了。所以只有感觉不到幸福，才可能得到客观上的幸福（这是什么东西？），换句话说，只有幸福感最少的人才能成为自然选择的幸存者。真是一个莫大的悲剧故事。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-202899913517146510?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/202899913517146510/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=202899913517146510' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/202899913517146510'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/202899913517146510'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post_15.html' title='山羊的幸福'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5995812941191311459</id><published>2009-02-12T23:51:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-14T16:23:30.213-08:00</updated><title type='text'>达尔文：二百年之后</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://profile.ak.facebook.com/object3/630/12/n61880647504_3700.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 178px; height: 314px;" src="http://profile.ak.facebook.com/object3/630/12/n61880647504_3700.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;今天是“达尔文纪年”两百年整，也算是我们这些无神论进化生物学家的圣诞节。自达尔文之后，一切自诩永远伟大光荣正确的上帝、真主及其他“神灵”统统灰飞烟灭，人类，&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/span&gt;，终于可以挺直腰杆翻身做主人了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们已经在周末为查尔斯唱了生日歌也吃了蛋糕，不为别的，就只为他是人，不是神，他从未宣称自己的学说是永远伟大光荣正确的，所以后人自然也不必自作多情搞“两个凡是”，我们可以一边开心庆祝，一边大胆批判，不用担心火刑柱。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;虽然我自知力所不能及，却仍要打肿脸充胖子写这个东西，实在是因为近来无论是在如&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Nature&lt;/span&gt;和&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Science&lt;/span&gt;等学术期刊或是纽约时报等大众读物上所充斥的回顾性文章几乎一概都是正统人士的照本宣科，毫无思想价值，仿佛真的是惧怕火刑柱的惩罚一般。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;关于达尔文的光辉成就，我无心扮演吟游诗人，烦请自行查阅《物种起源》及《人类的由来（及性选择）》（很遗憾，无论是在科学“发达”的美国，还是在“无神论”主导的中国，包括“生物学家”在内，这两本书的读者比例都远不及流行小说，特别是后者，其重要意义往往被忽视）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;达尔文之所以地位特别，在于他既不是单纯的博物学家（比如林奈），也不是单纯的哲学家（比如康德），他在完成四年的旅行之后又用了二十年时间思考和撰写《物种起源》，为的是将一个完整抽象的理论体系建立在稳固的事实基础之上，这一点要比理论体系本身的任何一点细节都更加重要。事实上，就某一具体的独立现象而言，存在无限多的理论解释方案，就等同于对于任意一确定函数，总可以用多项式在局部逼近，如果仅满足于此，就只是数学游戏，而非科学。比如说，在过去的一百五十年里，我们更推崇达尔文，而非拉马克，并非因自然选择比用进废退在理论上更合理，而是我们认为前者更接近事实（当然，拉马克理论并非完全错误，后文将会提及）。至于达尔文提出的一系列理论，自然也应当同样受到基于事实的严格检验，科学不存在圣经。于是，请容许我将争议问题一一展开。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;既然已提到性选择，索性就从它开始。性选择理论的提出，是由于以孔雀为代表的极端性别差异的存在实在难以用自然选择来直接解释：像雄孔雀的尾巴这样华而不实的性状怎么能够不被生存竞争淘汰？达尔文的回答是，因为雌性喜欢。雌孔雀发疯了，不喜欢身强力壮的，偏爱上油头粉面的。理由是，华而不实的性状标明了优秀的可以遗传给子女的潜质——在达尔文的时代，“基因”的概念尚不存在，所以雄性追求子女个体数量，雌性追求子女基因质量的二元理论的明确提出要等到现代综合论的确立。另一个遗留问题是，为什么浓妆艳抹的是雄孔雀，而不是雌孔雀？这个问题要等到Maynard Smith将博弈论引入生物学之后才得到一个完整的回答。简单来说，差异起源于精子与卵子成本投入的不对称。于是进而又得出雄性放荡不羁雌性羞涩胆小的先天合理性。至此，孔雀尾巴的问题似乎已经得到了圆满的解答。然而，事情并非如此简单。首先，孔雀的雌雄差异模板不是普遍适用的，雌雄性状一致甚至“颠倒”的物种很多，雌雄性状的多态性更是非常普遍，这是达尔文所低估了的，当然这可能更多要归结于当时所能够获取的数据信息大概都或多或少受到保守的社会意识形态的影响，即我能看到的都是我想看到的。而其后基因的发现以及现代综合论的提出并没有纠正这一方向性的偏差，反而渐行渐远。如果雌性对雄性的某一可遗传基因型有明确的特殊偏好，那么持续性选择若干代之后，雄性的性征应当趋同，就像人工选择的结果一样，但这与事实矛盾，即自然种群的雄性性征变异性大体保持稳定，这一问题被称为the paradox of the lek。学者为解决这一矛盾提出了大量不同版本的假说，但至今没有一个是建立在明确的事实基础之上。另外不能不提一句的是Bateman在1948年发表的果蝇实验，这篇文献后来成为了证明雄性放荡不羁雌性羞涩胆小的经典，但是事实上，他的实验设计和数据分析都存在致命缺陷，根本无法支持结论，而且果蝇的行为也并非如他所描述的那样，这是一个典型的believing is seeing的例子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第二个话题是群体选择和亲缘选择。达尔文本人是支持群体选择理论的，并用这一理论解释了人类社会道德的起源问题。而后群体选择与个体选择也一直在生物学中并行发展，直到1962年Wynne-Edwards在群体选择的路上走得太远——他提出生物个体会自觉限制自身繁殖以确保种群规模不会超出环境承载能力——终于引来排山倒海的批判，Williams, Travis和Maynard Smith等也借此为后来Dawkins的“自私的基因”铺平了道路。经过这场“反左倾运动”之后，至今在生物学圈子里也极少有人愿意引用群体选择的理论论证自己的观点，群体选择俨然成为了一个禁忌。但是群体选择真的不存在吗？那么蚂蚁这样的极端社会性生物的存在又当如何解释？一个及其巧妙的解答是亲缘选择。这是一个伴随着种群遗传学产生的理论，一个最形象的比喻是Haldane的那句：“我愿意跳到河里去救我的两个兄弟或者八个表兄弟”。单倍体雄蚁的发现成为了亲缘选择理论的最佳例证——与其生养1/2亲缘关系的亲生骨肉，不如喂养3/4亲缘关系的姊妹，所以工蚁看似忘我的辛勤工作，其实也是自私的基因在驱动。这个故事也像Bateman的实验一样传了一代又一代，鲜有人质疑（我也曾经做过这样的宣称），尽管事实远非如此简单。随着更多对社会性生物研究的开展，我们已经发现一个蚂蚁种群中的基因多样性远比纯粹的内部繁殖要高，在另一些物种，例如一些黄蜂的巢穴中，不同成员之间根本就不存在近亲关系。这至少足以说明亲缘选择并不是支持社会性动物存在的必要条件，也就是说，不依赖于亲缘关系的群体选择是实际存在的。更引申一步，“自私的基因”这一说法其实是错误的，虽然Dawkins的基本思路并没有错，但是基因本身并没有情感可言，自私更是无从谈起。自私只能在行为水平上表达，但是行为与基因并不是一一对应的，行为的自私或是利他并不能确定地归因于基因的类型（见下文论述），而且更准确地说，行为的自私与利他应该由动机确定而不是按结果分类，所以利他行为的存在是在理论上完全合理的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最后要挑战的Boss是“基因中心主义”。这不是达尔文本人提出的理论，却是达尔文自然选择理论最强有力的支持者。基因在遗传中的重要意义毋庸多言，但是基因并不是遗传的全部，更不是行为的唯一决定因素。拉马克被批判了很多年，但获得性遗传确实是普遍存在的。一个最直观的例子，我父母说汉语，所以我也说汉语，但这显然不是我的基因决定的。这种非基因的遗传并不仅仅限于人类的文化，鸟类的歌唱也是要经过后天的学习，至于其他复杂行为也大体都要经过社会学习，人工驯养的动物放归自然难以生存原因正在于此。而且非基因的遗传途径也不仅限于有意识的社会学习，发育过程中基因表达的变化也同样是可能遗传的，比如母鼠的激素水平会影响她的哺乳行为，从而影响幼鼠的激素水平，进而又可能影响到子代的哺乳行为，代代相传。所以当我们发现影响某一行为的基因的时候，切不可轻易下结论可以通过改变这一基因控制行为。因为基因并不是故事的全部。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那么究竟什么是正确的理论呢？正确的理论是存在的，但是我们无法证明。这就是科学的逻辑。我们所能做的，就是不断的革命，像达尔文在一百五十年前所做的一样。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5995812941191311459?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5995812941191311459/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5995812941191311459' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5995812941191311459'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5995812941191311459'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/02/blog-post.html' title='达尔文：二百年之后'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-223089476345708955</id><published>2009-01-06T22:14:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-06T22:18:37.782-08:00</updated><title type='text'>'Israel Has a Habit of Closing its Eyes to Hard Facts' -- BOUTROS-GHALI</title><content type='html'>SPIEGEL INTERVIEW WITH BOUTROS BOUTROS-GHALI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,599561,00.html"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" &gt;'Israel Has a Habit of Closing its Eyes to Hard Facts'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Israeli military strike in Gaza will have "unforeseeable consequences" for the region, warns former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali. In an interview with SPIEGEL ONLINE, he discusses the short-sightedness of Israeli politicians, Egypt's role and his muted hopes for peace.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;For the foreseeable future, I don't see an era promising happiness. It's true that the curse of the colonial era disappeared half a century ago, and the Cold War is behind us. Millions of people expected a world that was better, more socially just and marked by technological progress. However, the unfortunate result has been that the age-old ills of mankind -- growing social disparity, inflammatory national and religious ideologies, cultures closing themselves off to outsiders -- have once again foiled these hopes. It is a shame that I will surely not live to see the dawning of a truly better world.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-223089476345708955?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/223089476345708955/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=223089476345708955' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/223089476345708955'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/223089476345708955'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/01/israel-has-habit-of-closing-its-eyes-to.html' title='&apos;Israel Has a Habit of Closing its Eyes to Hard Facts&apos; -- BOUTROS-GHALI'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6507169474020827780</id><published>2009-01-04T00:02:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-04T00:20:35.590-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A Blind War</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://content.cartoonbox.slate.com/?feature=2da6cbada905bb9a7e3330d5fc877749"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: left; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://content.cartoonbox.slate.com/?feature=2da6cbada905bb9a7e3330d5fc877749" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Is tit-for-tat an optimal strategy in the continuous game?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.cartoonbox.slate.com/?feature=28dad84cce38a6bb286b6bc43c2e3b8f" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://content.cartoonbox.slate.com/?feature=28dad84cce38a6bb286b6bc43c2e3b8f" width="420" border="0" height="270" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is no justice and humanity but parochialism and blindness in a war. That's the dark side of the human nature that we have no recipe to cure.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6507169474020827780?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6507169474020827780/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6507169474020827780' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6507169474020827780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6507169474020827780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/01/blind-war.html' title='A Blind War'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-923426390446468383</id><published>2009-01-01T23:52:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-02T00:19:09.417-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hovering Like a Kite</title><content type='html'>On the first day of the new year, I went hiking with friends. At the entrance of San Antonio Reserve, I watched a kite -- it's not a paper toy tied with a thread in your hands but a real live kite -- a white tailed kite (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Elanus leucurus&lt;/span&gt;). I took it as a falcon at the first sight according to its shape and size in the poor light, but I found it was a mistake soon after it began to hover! It was the first time that I saw a mid-size bird hovering like a humming bird, and it just moved up and down in the air like a helicopter. When I saw another kite joined the dance, I speculated it was the court dance in the breeding season though it seems a little earlier. However, I found it was the second mistake I made after I checked my field book: They were hunting rodents in a special social way.  Now I got why we call the paper toy "kite" in English and "纸鸢" in Chinese.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See a photo of a hovering white tailed kite &lt;a href="http://k41.pbase.com/o4/66/560866/1/66720656.EA0CUfpH.wtki_sjr_IMG_0225web.jpg"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-923426390446468383?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/923426390446468383/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=923426390446468383' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/923426390446468383'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/923426390446468383'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2009/01/hovering-like-kite.html' title='Hovering Like a Kite'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7733969471157627938</id><published>2008-12-24T22:35:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-25T00:06:31.007-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Thank you, Santa Claus</title><content type='html'>It is said that a boy who did good in the past year will receive a gift from Santa Claus on the Christmas Eve, and it happens...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was working in my lab as usual while suffering sore lip, and left for the rest room with my door open for two minutes around noon. A Carmex was sitting on my open book when I returned and no words were left accompanying it. After searching the hallway, it seemed all my colleagues gone somewhere for the holiday...Holiday, oh yeah, it is Christmas Eve today,  so has "Santa Claus" come regardless my secular belief? I left my lab this afternoon with a note attached on my door, reading as "Thank you, Santa Claus, for the lip balm!"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SVM8ZKgDpHI/AAAAAAAABMY/_fORIT7P80A/s1600-h/Santa+Claus+Gift.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 256px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SVM8ZKgDpHI/AAAAAAAABMY/_fORIT7P80A/s320/Santa+Claus+Gift.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5283633190848930930" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;We read and enjoyed fairy tales as little kids but abandoned them as growing up. Why do we keep the fairy tale live and pass on from generation to generation if we do not believe it? Yes, we do not expect "the Santa Claus", but instead, we have faith in "Santa Clauses". It is the other-regarding motives inside the deep minds of you and me. Let &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Homo Economicus&lt;/span&gt; go to trash can!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7733969471157627938?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7733969471157627938/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7733969471157627938' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7733969471157627938'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7733969471157627938'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/12/thank-you-santa-claus.html' title='Thank you, Santa Claus'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SVM8ZKgDpHI/AAAAAAAABMY/_fORIT7P80A/s72-c/Santa+Claus+Gift.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2419638071848163471</id><published>2008-12-24T00:03:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-24T00:29:53.139-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Chapter 08: Hitting the Wall</title><content type='html'>It is embarrassing that I've just got the news of the &lt;a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210"&gt;Chapter 08&lt;/a&gt; from an American friend. The embarrassment on the other hand reveals another embarrassing fact that the trial has hit the wall again as the destiny we can foresee and the advocates can expect as well. Therefore, it should be taken as a symbolic signal rather than a battle because the seed cannot grow into a tree in sterile soil even though it was the seed of truth. But it could be worthwhile if anybody was awaken by the signal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A wall can be knocked down only if there are a number large enough to hit it. "Come on, buddy!"&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2419638071848163471?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2419638071848163471/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2419638071848163471' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2419638071848163471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2419638071848163471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/12/chapter-08-hitting-wall.html' title='Chapter 08: Hitting the Wall'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4495696550151911549</id><published>2008-12-21T21:19:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-21T22:56:41.108-08:00</updated><title type='text'>释梦</title><content type='html'>在清醒的状态下，人的思维是通常由理智所主导的，所以即便是我们自己也难以辨识理智掩盖下的情感状态，而只有在某些理智有所削弱而又没有完全丧失的“异常状态”之下才有机会近距离窥视情感层面的自我，比如梦境。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;昨夜梦中还家，在厨房洗红枣，然后端起碗走进里屋卧室，祖父躺在床上看报纸，就像半年前分别的时候一样。我问祖父吃枣吗，他放下报纸告诉我没戴假牙。我一边转身要去取假牙，一边心里暗暗感到释然：还好，他老人家一切安好，此前的消息原来只是幻觉。然而就在这一刻，眼角余光突然留意到报纸上的日期——上个月的报纸！心头猛然一颤——原来，原来那一切是真的……于是我立即做出了一个决定，一个只有在半理智的梦境中才会做出的决定——我转回身来，躬下腰对祖父说：“爷，我给你剥开，不用戴假牙也能吃。”我把剥开的红枣递给祖父，看着他用干瘪的上下颌吃力地咀嚼，心中又一次暗暗感到释然：幸好我没有离开房间去取假牙，否则我可能再也没有机会与祖父相见了……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;原来梦境并不只是纯粹的幻觉或是“日有所思，夜有所梦”那么简单，而更像是趁理智的力量有所削弱的时机由积蓄的情感发起的反抗。其结果是一种清醒状态下所不能出现的理智与情感达成的新的奇妙平衡，就如同电影中John Nash与幻觉中的伙伴们所保持的关系。我多希望我的世界能够永远定格在那一刻，然而泪水终于将我从梦中唤醒。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;理智，即便在梦中也不甘屈服的理智，无法摆脱的烦恼的根源，然而也正是凭借它我们才得以在残酷的现实中生存，并在红皇后的旋转房间中为追逐“幸福”而不懈奔跑。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4495696550151911549?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4495696550151911549/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4495696550151911549' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4495696550151911549'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4495696550151911549'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_22.html' title='释梦'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1883390830270383638</id><published>2008-12-13T16:15:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-13T17:54:21.974-08:00</updated><title type='text'>不只是四分之一</title><content type='html'>今早接到父亲打来的电话，家中应该还是午夜时分，得知祖父不在了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;回家奔丧已是断然来不及，不肖子孙唯有在打印出的遗像前跪拜。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;室友后来看到老人的照片，问我：“这是你家老人吧？一看就知道。”印象中，但凡见过我祖父的人都这样说我与祖父神行皆似，却鲜有人说我像我的父母，即便有人偏要刻意往上靠，也只能在鼻子耳朵之类的局部做文章。有人说这是隔代遗传——如果单从基因上讲，这是很难说通的，毕竟子女与父母各有二分之一的相同基因，而与祖父母则只有四分之一的亲缘关系——但从表型上来讲，这是事实。我想更多的因素在基因之外。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国人说：“龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠的儿子会打洞。”中国人又说：“龙生九子，子子不同。”这很矛盾。更具“科学精神”的西方人在这个问题上也同样矛盾，nature vs nurture的争论一直未有停歇，即一个人身材高大魁梧或是小巧玲珑，性格粗犷豪放或是小心谨慎，究竟是生而如此，还是后天习得？就神经科学与行为科学共同的研究进展来看，nature vs nurture的论题并不合理，事实应该是nature and nurture，也就是先天因素与后天经历共同作用塑造一个人，而成长过程中较早的敏感期（critical period）又尤为重要。在脑达到最终成熟（大约在青春期结束）之前，不但学习能力较成年之后更为突出（文化遗传），而且脑内发生的外成性（epigenetic）基因表达变化也不可忽视，这一部分并非有意识的认知性学习所得，但会对终生的行为模式造成难以逆转的影响，正是中国人所谓“潜移默化”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;回顾童年，在院子里看祖父侍弄花草，在炕头上与祖父对弈象棋，坐在祖父自行车梁上去上坟，被祖父牵着手穿梭于菜市场、副食店、豆腐坊、点心铺和书店之间……十数年光景，那个瘦高的、沉稳的、细心的、倔强而又温文尔雅的形象已经在有意识与无意识之间投射到了我的模板之上。自进京求学离家八载，却渐渐发觉自己身上愈发显现出祖父的影子，一样的特立独行、格格不入。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;四分之一不只是四分之一。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1883390830270383638?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1883390830270383638/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1883390830270383638' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1883390830270383638'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1883390830270383638'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post.html' title='不只是四分之一'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6723035963747016819</id><published>2008-12-12T21:54:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-13T14:54:08.988-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Still too short</title><content type='html'>Are punishment able to enhance socially beneficial cooperation? Yes, but the costs of punishment outweigh the gains&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;from cooperation, according to recent experimental studies. So is it backfire? No, maybe just not long enough, &lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5907/1510"&gt;Gächter &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/a&gt; argued (1). The contrast between the results of 50-round public goods games and 10-round games showed that punishment that enhances cooperation could be beneficial in the long-run. The underlying reason is that the subjects can learn to evade the punishment gradually. Umm, clear enough, but is it the whole story of the evolution of cooperation? Probably not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Again and again, some researchers confused the altruistic cooperation with the selfish cooperation. If the fear for punishment is the driving force of cooperation, we should not expect any charity and voluntary donation, but we did. All the economic experiments so far examined the learning process in the behavioral tier, leaving the evolutionary tier untouched. Fear for punishment may explain a trivial part of the cooperation, but the pro-sociality of human (and possibly other non-human animals) owes to the inside pro-social motivation that evolved during a long history that cannot be imitated with the experiment design used currently.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another doubt is cast on the origin of the irrational motivation of punishment that results in the second-order "free rider" dilemma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All in all, punishment itself is unlikely to solely enforce the pro-social cooperation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Gachter, S., Renner, E. and Sefton, M., 2008. The Long-Run Benefits of Punishment. Science, 322:1510.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6723035963747016819?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6723035963747016819/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6723035963747016819' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6723035963747016819'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6723035963747016819'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/12/still-too-short.html' title='Still too short'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5719212876654734567</id><published>2008-12-05T00:37:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-05T00:39:30.411-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A Lifetime Without Memory</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/us/05hm.html?_r=1&amp;amp;hp"&gt;H. M., an Unforgettable Amnesiac, Dies at 82 - Obituary (Obit) - NYTimes.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;And for those five decades, he was recognized as the most important patient in the history of brain science. As a participant in hundreds of studies, he helped scientists understand the biology of learning, memory and physical dexterity, as well as the fragile nature of human identity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Henry Gustav Molaison, born on Feb. 26, 1926, left no survivors. He left a legacy in science that cannot be erased.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;Farewell, Mr. H. M.!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/12/05/obituaries/05hm190.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 190px; height: 260px;" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/12/05/obituaries/05hm190.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5719212876654734567?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5719212876654734567/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5719212876654734567' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5719212876654734567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5719212876654734567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/12/lifetime-without-memory.html' title='A Lifetime Without Memory'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8542978455725536191</id><published>2008-11-29T01:07:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-29T14:33:33.523-08:00</updated><title type='text'>从鲍勃到巴拉克</title><content type='html'>我在美国的第一个感恩节，也是我第一次看到旧金山市区夜晚的灯光，虽然只是透过车窗的一瞥。Joan准备了一桌丰盛的晚饭，不过火鸡并不是主角——上个星期Frans de Waal在报告的结尾说"We are social eaters"——吃饭只是为了更好的交谈。我讲一讲中国以及我父辈的中国，Joan也回忆起她年轻时的美国，然后就说起了另一个Joan：Joan Baez，说起她当年站在卡车上一边演唱一边穿越Palo Alto的英姿。于是就翻出她的CD来听，再后来自然是Bob Dylan，Katelin调侃地说CD封面上那个青涩少年看上去只有十五岁。看着Joan, Katelin和David如痴如醉的神情，我可以想象那个属于Joan Baez和Bob Dylan、属于曾经的年轻人的美国，那个曾经一度消失的美国。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joan说Folk在她们那个年代是美国音乐的主流，而今已经风光不再。这并不仅仅是简单的音乐潮流的更迭，因为Folk的兴起是与民主运动紧紧相连的。Joan Baez, Bob Dylan，包括John Lennon和Peter Seeger等等，都是那个时代民主运动的先锋人物，Joan说美国的黑人运动和越战的结束在很大程度上要归功于这些“艺人”领导的斗争，也许并非夸大其词。对比他们与近二十年的“明星”们，不难发现他们之间的巨大差别：现今的明星们大多拥有更甜美的嗓音、至少是更俏丽的形象，能够带给人更多直接的愉悦感；相比之下，Joan和Bob那一代的艺人在形象上也更加folk，甚至是貌不惊人、音色平平，不过更关键的区别在于他们有勇气自由表达自己的思想，而不仅仅是取悦于人，他们引领着和代表着那一代拥有人文关怀和政治理想的青年。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/f01UehWq3v8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/f01UehWq3v8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;Joan和Bob早已老去，美国的新青年不再关心政治，也不再关心身边的世界，美国社会整体向右转，这一倾向在学术界这个小圈子里也很明显。无论是人权运动还是环境运动，活跃的仍旧是那些越老越顽强的斗士们，而年轻的faculty们似乎更乐意关紧自己实验室的大门。前些时候刚刚分到诺贝尔奖金的一位华裔科学家说：“我最大的理想就是让更多的年轻人来学生物。”我的一位室友对其崇拜不已，我对此可就不觉得很乐观了。科学家爱“科学”自然不错，至少远好过爱美元，但只爱“科学”似乎还是远远不够的，最近一期的&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Science&lt;/span&gt;上有一篇社论&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5906/1303"&gt;Scientists and Human Rights&lt;/a&gt;，呼吁科学家们关注社会，虽然是老调重弹，但有时似乎也确有重弹的必要。原因何在？也许如Robert Putnam所言，是人与人的疏离造成了社会资本的瓦解。谁来扭转这一趋势？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bob走了，Barack来了。几十年的沉寂之后，新一代的美国青年以及40年前在广场之上高举反战旗号的曾经的美国青年终于又一次相聚在一起完成了“火炬传递”。广泛参与是民主的基础，从这一层意义上来讲，Barack的竞选过程本身就已经是具有历史意义的胜利。如Joan所言，Barack也许并不能创造奇迹，但是他的出现至少唤醒了更多人特别是更多年轻人对民主政治的希望与参与热情，几十年后再来看，这也许是比挽救经济危机更为重要的成就。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PS：加州的亚裔越来越多，但是他们几乎都是政治的绝缘体，即便旅居多年甚至揣着Phd文凭与绿卡，也仍然保守着亚洲似的犬儒理念：政治是当官的事情，与我无关。又或者偶有些微弱的声音，也多是些鼠目寸光的投机者。一百多年前我们“师夷长技以制夷”的实践以失败告终，时至今日，似乎仍然没有太多的进步。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8542978455725536191?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8542978455725536191/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8542978455725536191' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8542978455725536191'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8542978455725536191'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/blog-post_29.html' title='从鲍勃到巴拉克'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4954835139573518460</id><published>2008-11-10T21:25:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-29T01:07:02.446-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Tragedy of Modeling</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7217/full/4551181a.html"&gt;Economics needs a scientific revolution : Article : Nature&lt;/a&gt;: "regulation also needs to improve."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jean-Philippe Bouchaud&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Financial engineers have put too much faith in untested axioms and faulty models, says Jean-Philippe Bouchaud. To prevent economic havoc, that needs to change. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Appearing way clearer than Greenspan's allegation, the physicist pointed out one of the key problems: The market trusts the economists who made predictions based on models that were never tested. It could be an interesting game for the kids to build a tower without a plumb, but it sounds not so funny playing with money.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4954835139573518460?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4954835139573518460/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4954835139573518460' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4954835139573518460'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4954835139573518460'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/tragedy-of-modeling.html' title='The Tragedy of Modeling'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1308860771277269184</id><published>2008-11-08T18:33:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-08T18:42:56.525-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Does Religion Make You Nice?</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="h1_subhead"&gt;Does atheism make you mean?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2203614/"&gt;The latest research on the correlation between religion and niceness. - By Paul Bloom - Slate Magazine&lt;/a&gt;: "Does Religion Make You Nice?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://img.slate.com/media/1/123125/2088260/2180606/2203613/081107_FB_society.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 232px;" src="http://img.slate.com/media/1/123125/2088260/2180606/2203613/081107_FB_society.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Many Americans doubt the morality of atheists. According to a &lt;a href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/26611/Some-Americans-Reluctant-Vote-Mormon-72YearOld-Presidential-Candidates.aspx" target="_blank"&gt;2007 Gallup poll&lt;/a&gt;, a majority of Americans say that they would not vote for an otherwise qualified atheist as president, meaning a nonbeliever would have a harder time getting elected than a Muslim, a homosexual, or a Jew. Many would go further and agree with conservative commentator Laura Schlessinger that morality requires a belief in God—otherwise, all we have is our selfish desires. In &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ten-Commandments-Significance-Gods-Everyday/dp/0060929960/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1225481129&amp;amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank"&gt;The Ten Commandments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, she approvingly quotes Dostoyevsky: "Where there is no God, all is permitted." The opposing view, held by a small minority of secularists, such as Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens, is that belief in God makes us worse. As &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/God-Not-Great-Religion-Everything/dp/0446579807/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1225483037&amp;amp;sr=8-1" target="_blank"&gt;Hitchens puts it&lt;/a&gt;, "Religion poisons everything."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arguments about the merits of religions are often battled out with reference to history, by comparing the sins of theists and atheists. (I see your Crusades and raise you Stalin!) But a more promising approach is to look at empirical research that directly addresses the effects of religion on how people behave.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a review published in &lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/322/5898/58" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; last month, psychologists Ara Norenzayan and Azim Shariff discuss several experiments that lean pro-Schlessinger. In one of their own studies, they primed half the participants with a spirituality-themed word jumble (including the words &lt;em&gt;divine&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;God&lt;/em&gt;) and gave the other half the same task with nonspiritual words. Then, they gave all the participants $10 each and told them that they could either keep it or share their cash reward with another (anonymous) subject. Ultimately, the spiritual-jumble group parted with more than twice as much money as the control. Norenzayan and Shariff suggest that this lopsided outcome is the result of an evolutionary imperative to care about one's reputation. If you think about God, you believe someone is watching. This argument is bolstered by other research that they review showing that people are more generous and less likely to cheat when others are around. More surprisingly, people also behave better when exposed to posters with eyes on them. &lt;/p&gt;Maybe, then, religious people are nicer because they believe that they are never alone. If so, you would expect to find the positive influence of religion outside the laboratory. And, indeed, there is evidence within the United States for a correlation between religion and what might broadly be called "niceness." In &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Gross-National-Happiness-Matters-America/dp/0465002781/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1225481036&amp;amp;sr=8-1" target="_blank"&gt;Gross National Happiness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Arthur Brooks notes that atheists are less charitable than their God-fearing counterparts: They donate less blood, for example, and are less likely to offer change to homeless people on the street. Since giving to charity makes one happy, Brooks speculates that this could be one reason why atheists are so miserable. In a 2004 study, twice as many religious people say that they are very happy with their lives, while the secular are twice as likely to say that they feel like failures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since the United States is more religious than other Western countries, this research suggests that Fox talk-show host Sean Hannity was on to something when he asserted that the United States is "the greatest, best country God has ever given man on the face of the Earth." In general, you might expect people in less God-fearing countries to be a lot less kind to one another than Americans are. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is at this point that the "We need God to be good" case falls apart. Countries worthy of consideration aren't those like North Korea and China, where religion is savagely repressed, but those in which people freely choose atheism. In his new book, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Society-without-God-Religious-Contentment/dp/0814797148/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1225481103&amp;amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank"&gt;Society Without God&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Phil Zuckerman looks at the Danes and the Swedes—probably the most godless people on Earth. They don't go to church or pray in the privacy of their own homes; they don't believe in God or heaven or hell. But, by any reasonable standard, they're nice to one another. They have a famously expansive welfare and health care service. They have a strong commitment to social equality. And—even without belief in a God looming over them—they murder and rape one another significantly less frequently than Americans do. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;a name="p2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Denmark and Sweden aren't exceptions. A &lt;a href="http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2005/2005-11.html" target="_blank"&gt;2005 study by Gregory Paul&lt;/a&gt; looking at 18 democracies found that the more atheist societies tended to have relatively low murder and suicide rates and relatively low incidence of abortion and teen pregnancy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So, this is a puzzle. If you look within the United States, religion seems to make you a better person. Yet atheist societies do very well—better, in many ways, than devout ones. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first step to solving this conundrum is to unpack the different components of religion. In &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Descartes-Baby-Science-Development-Explains/dp/0465007864/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1225578481&amp;amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank"&gt;my own work&lt;/a&gt;, I have argued that all humans, even young children, tacitly hold some supernatural beliefs, most notably the dualistic view that bodies and minds are distinct. (Most Americans who describe themselves as atheists, for instance, nonetheless believe that their souls will survive the death of their bodies.) Other aspects of religion vary across cultures and across individuals within cultures. There are factual beliefs, such as the idea that there exists a single god that performs miracles, and moral beliefs, like the conviction that abortion is murder. There are religious practices, such as the sacrament or the lighting of Sabbath candles. And there is the community that a religion brings with it—the people who are part of your church, synagogue, or mosque.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The positive effect of religion in the real world, to my mind, is tied to this last, community component—rather than a belief in constant surveillance by a higher power. Humans are social beings, and we are happier, and better, when connected to others. This is the moral of sociologist Robert Putnam's work on American life. In &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Bowling-Alone-Collapse-American-Community/dp/0743203046/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1225481254&amp;amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank"&gt;Bowling Alone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, he argues that voluntary association with other people is integral to a fulfilled and productive existence—it makes us "smarter, healthier, safer, richer, and better able to govern a just and stable democracy."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Danes and the Swedes, despite being godless, have strong communities. In fact, Zuckerman points out that most Danes and Swedes identify themselves as Christian. They get married in church, have their babies baptized, give some of their income to the church, and feel attached to their religious community—they just don't believe in God. Zuckerman suggests that Scandinavian Christians are a lot like American Jews, who are also highly secularized in belief and practice, have strong communal feelings, and tend to be well-behaved. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;American atheists, by contrast, are often left out of community life. The studies that Brooks cites in &lt;em&gt;Gross National Happiness&lt;/em&gt;, which find that the religious are happier and more generous then the secular, do not define &lt;em&gt;religious&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;secular&lt;/em&gt; in terms of belief. They define it in terms of religious attendance. It is not hard to see how being left out of one of the dominant modes of American togetherness can have a corrosive effect on morality. As P.Z. Myers, the biologist and prominent atheist, puts it, "[S]cattered individuals who are excluded from communities do not receive the benefits of community, nor do they feel willing to contribute to the communities that exclude them."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sorry state of American atheists, then, may have nothing to do with their lack of religious belief. It may instead be the result of their outsider status within a highly religious country where many of their fellow citizens, including very vocal ones like Schlessinger, find them immoral and unpatriotic. Religion may not poison everything, but it deserves part of the blame for this one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1308860771277269184?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1308860771277269184/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1308860771277269184' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1308860771277269184'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1308860771277269184'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/does-religion-make-you-nice.html' title='Does Religion Make You Nice?'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4270653335957331620</id><published>2008-11-05T22:59:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-06T00:57:25.616-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Say No onto Prop 8</title><content type='html'>They won the campaign for White House, but they lost the battle to deny Prop 8 in CA. As what Obama said, US is a country of "gay and straight", so no one should be discriminated as a second-class citizen because of his or her sex orientation. The failure proves that there is still a long way towards &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Liberté, égalité, fraternité&lt;/span&gt;, but fortunately, they are at the frontier of the march.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SRKxL3Bk-_I/AAAAAAAAA7E/IulMIcltqJw/s1600-h/P1010032.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SRKxL3Bk-_I/AAAAAAAAA7E/IulMIcltqJw/s400/P1010032.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265465731656776690" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object width="320" height="266" class="BLOG_video_class" id="BLOG_video-8833cdc898a6e1c" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/get_player"&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF"&gt;&lt;param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="flashvars" value="flvurl=http://v4.nonxt4.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3D08833cdc898a6e1c%26itag%3D5%26app%3Dblogger%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1330208492%26sparams%3Did,itag,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3D3008F583D939DB5F3D943E6E3D7D36F8404CC993.252CCF7143FE5C68F1BF52A9FEE6E4898EE920CD%26key%3Dck1&amp;amp;iurl=http://video.google.com/ThumbnailServer2?app%3Dblogger%26contentid%3D8833cdc898a6e1c%26offsetms%3D5000%26itag%3Dw160%26sigh%3Dy26SbUlheWcPfCpindVPq1Q6ULU&amp;amp;autoplay=0&amp;amp;ps=blogger"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/get_player" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"width="320" height="266" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"flashvars="flvurl=http://v4.nonxt4.googlevideo.com/videoplayback?id%3D08833cdc898a6e1c%26itag%3D5%26app%3Dblogger%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1330208492%26sparams%3Did,itag,ip,ipbits,expire%26signature%3D3008F583D939DB5F3D943E6E3D7D36F8404CC993.252CCF7143FE5C68F1BF52A9FEE6E4898EE920CD%26key%3Dck1&amp;iurl=http://video.google.com/ThumbnailServer2?app%3Dblogger%26contentid%3D8833cdc898a6e1c%26offsetms%3D5000%26itag%3Dw160%26sigh%3Dy26SbUlheWcPfCpindVPq1Q6ULU&amp;autoplay=0&amp;ps=blogger"allowFullScreen="true" /&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Student Protest at White Plaza, Stanford&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4270653335957331620?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='enclosure' type='video/mp4' href='http://www.blogger.com/video-play.mp4?contentId=8833cdc898a6e1c&amp;type=video%2Fmp4' length='0'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4270653335957331620/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4270653335957331620' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4270653335957331620'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4270653335957331620'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/say-no-onto-prop-8.html' title='Say No onto Prop 8'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SRKxL3Bk-_I/AAAAAAAAA7E/IulMIcltqJw/s72-c/P1010032.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1301933742941911151</id><published>2008-11-04T21:38:00.006-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-05T10:41:44.996-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Step towards fraternité</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SRExqxJ8VUI/AAAAAAAAA60/9Y76EFd0OA0/s1600-h/P1010014.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SRExqxJ8VUI/AAAAAAAAA60/9Y76EFd0OA0/s400/P1010014.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265044050192127298" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;04/11/2008, Stanford (c) Albatross&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;It has taken over two hundred years for the motto &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Liberté, égalité, fraternité&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; to emerge and struggle to fix into the modern civilization. And today, the history took a remarkable step towards the goal when the first colored president of US made his address before the world, in which he also explicitly mentioned "gay and straight".  It remains a myth how the generally pro-social and other-regard moral and emotions evolved, but they might be the unique treasure we &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;homo sapiens&lt;/span&gt; are pride of rather than any technical innovations we have created.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1301933742941911151?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1301933742941911151/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1301933742941911151' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1301933742941911151'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1301933742941911151'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/step-towards-fraternit.html' title='Step towards fraternité'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SRExqxJ8VUI/AAAAAAAAA60/9Y76EFd0OA0/s72-c/P1010014.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1362941260952611186</id><published>2008-11-02T17:41:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-02T17:43:42.600-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Personal Is Political</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/11/01/opinion/opclassic.01.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 350px; height: 550px;" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/11/01/opinion/opclassic.01.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1362941260952611186?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1362941260952611186/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1362941260952611186' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1362941260952611186'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1362941260952611186'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/personal-is-political.html' title='The Personal Is Political'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4707847036514605035</id><published>2008-10-31T21:06:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-11-01T21:32:22.083-07:00</updated><title type='text'>远来的和尚</title><content type='html'>享受了足足一个半月的明媚阳光之后，终于出现了第一个阴云密布的日子，接下来是第二个、第三个。据本地人泄露天机：加州的冬天开始了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过随阴雨天气一同到来的也不尽是令人扫兴的消息，比如说“高僧”Michael Tomasello就千里迢迢从东边赶来讲经。一同助阵的还有Joan Silk, Carol Dweck, Brian Skyrms, Elizabeth Spelke等一干高手，台下听众的重量级也毫不逊色，比如说今天讨论会上坐在我右手边的就是Robert Seyfarth（此人一进屋我就觉得面熟，直到散了会才想起来是他）。三天的报告会最大特点是多样性，五湖四海、三教九流齐聚，做心理学的、人类学的、生物学的、经济学的、哲学的、政治学的……坐在我左边的居然是英语系的教授！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;会议组成虽然复杂，话题倒是十分统一，只是思维方式和分析角度各不相同，争论起来也甚是热闹。核心话题在于人类的社会合作倾向从何而来？笼而统之的答案当然是进化（神创论者基本不会来参加这样“荒谬”的会议），但是更具体的细节就没人能说清楚了，当下主要的争议在于ontogenesis和phelogenesis两条路径的比重究竟各占几成。这一分歧与语言起源的问题基本一致，一派讲天赋论（类比于Chomsky的universal grammar），另一派推习得论（类比于Skinner的operant）。新近的实验性研究结果一般都暗示介于两者之间的每种状态，不过人文学者仍多倾向于前者。人与猩猩在行为上的差别是显而易见的，问题在于这种差别究竟是量的差别还是质的差别，以及造成差别的关键到底在哪里。由于学科传统不同，大家对同一现象的解读方式和标准各不相同，比较倒是好事，美中不足是平衡有一点儿比例失调，基本上是Tomasello的传统心理学行为研究思路所主导，如果能有两个做神经科学的人进来提供一点新的发现和思路来平衡一下就更好了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;会后有人问我感想如何，我说：听Tomasello的报告很是兴奋，不过话说回来，如果我当初去了马普，Joan Roughgarden从美国飞过去做报告，我也会一样兴奋的。总之是远道的和尚会念经。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4707847036514605035?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4707847036514605035/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4707847036514605035' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4707847036514605035'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4707847036514605035'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/11/blog-post.html' title='远来的和尚'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5557885227256726613</id><published>2008-10-24T11:34:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-24T13:31:13.374-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cold Shoulder and Warm heart: More than Metaphors</title><content type='html'>We use metaphors about temperature, e.g. cold shoulder and warm heart, every day even across cultures. However, it seems that the evolution of language is based on solid ground rather than casual invention, recent studies implied.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121433746/HTMLSTART"&gt;Chen-Bo Zhong, G.J.L., 2008. Cold and Lonely: Does Social Exclusion Literally Feel Cold? Psychological Science, 19:838-842.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Metaphors such as icy stare depict social exclusion using cold-related concepts; they are not to be taken literally and certainly do not imply reduced temperature. Two experiments, however, revealed that social exclusion literally feels cold. Experiment 1 found that participants who recalled a social exclusion experience gave lower estimates of room temperature than did participants who recalled an inclusion experience. In Experiment 2, social exclusion was directly induced through an on-line virtual interaction, and participants who were excluded reported greater desire for warm food and drink than did participants who were included. These findings are consistent with the embodied view of cognition and support the notion that social perception involves physical and perceptual content. The psychological experience of coldness not only aids understanding of social interaction, but also is an integral part of the experience of social exclusion.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5901/606"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Williams, L.E. and Bargh, J.A., 2008. Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth. Science, 322:606-607.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"Warmth" is the most powerful personality trait in social judgment, and attachment theorists have stressed the importance of warm physical contact with caregivers during infancy for healthy relationships in adulthood. Intriguingly, recent research in humans points to the involvement of the insula in the processing of both physical temperature and interpersonal warmth (trust) information. Accordingly, we hypothesized that experiences of physical warmth (or coldness) would increase feelings of interpersonal warmth (or coldness), without the person's awareness of this influence. In study 1, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a "warmer" personality (generous, caring); in study 2, participants holding a hot (versus cold) therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend instead of for themselves.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5557885227256726613?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5557885227256726613/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5557885227256726613' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5557885227256726613'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5557885227256726613'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/10/cold-shoulder-and-warm-heart-more-than.html' title='Cold Shoulder and Warm heart: More than Metaphors'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-984564320655354010</id><published>2008-10-24T00:12:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-24T00:20:37.246-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Myth break up</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/business/economy/24panel.html?_r=1&amp;amp;hp&amp;amp;oref=slogin"&gt;Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation - NYTimes.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/10/23/us/23greenspan-600.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 220px;" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/10/23/us/23greenspan-600.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Alan Greenspan, former Federal Reserve chairman, with John Snow, former Secretary of the Treasury, at a hearing on Capitol Hill on Thursday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending institutions to protect shareholders’ equity, myself included, are in a state of shocked disbelief."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Yes, I’ve found a flaw. I don’t know how significant or permanent it is. But I’ve been very distressed by that fact.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;“Were you wrong?” Mr. Waxman asked.&lt;/p&gt;“Partially,” the former Fed chairman reluctantly answered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-984564320655354010?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/984564320655354010/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=984564320655354010' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/984564320655354010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/984564320655354010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/10/myth-break-up.html' title='Myth break up'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2005498454776694367</id><published>2008-10-12T11:41:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-12T11:44:59.567-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Misused Impact Factor</title><content type='html'>Can anybody stop the stupid arms competition?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5899/165"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5899/165"&gt;The Misused Impact Factor -- Simons 322 (5899): 165 -- Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Research papers from all over the world are published in thousands of Science journals every year. The quality of these papers clearly has to be evaluated, not only to determine their accuracy and contribution to fields of research, but also to help make informed decisions about rewarding scientists with funding and appointments to research positions. One measure often used to determine the quality of a paper is the so-called "impact factor" of the journal in which it was published. This citation-based metric is meant to rank scientific journals, but there have been numerous criticisms over the years of its use as a measure of the quality of individual research papers. Still, this misuse persists. Why?&lt;p&gt; The annual release of newly calculated impact factors has become a big event. Each year, Thomson Reuters extracts the references from more than 9000 journals and calculates the impact factor for each journal by taking the number of citations to articles published by the journal in the previous 2 years and dividing this by the number of articles published by the journal during those same years. The top-ranked journals in biology, for example, have impact factors of 35 to 40 citations per article. Publishers and editors celebrate any increase, whereas a decrease can send them into a huddle to figure out ways to boost their ranking.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right;"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol322/issue5899/images/small/165-2-thumb.gif" alt="Figure 2" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:-2;"&gt;CREDIT: JUPITERIMAGES&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; This algorithm is not a simple measure of quality, and a major criticism is that the calculation can be manipulated by journals. For example, review articles are more frequently cited than primary research papers, so reviews increase a journal's impact factor. In many journals, the number of reviews has therefore increased dramatically, and in new trendy areas, the number of reviews sometimes approaches that of primary research papers in the field. Many journals now publish commentary-type articles, which are also counted in the numerator. Amazingly, the calculation also includes citations to retracted papers, not to mention articles containing falsified data (not yet retracted) that continue to be cited. The denominator, on the other hand, includes only primary research papers and reviews.&lt;p&gt; Why does impact factor matter so much to the scientific community, further inflating its importance? Unfortunately, these numbers are increasingly used to assess individual papers, scientists, and institutions. Thus, governments are using bibliometrics based on journal impact factors to rank universities and research institutions. Hiring, faculty-promoting, and grant-awarding committees can use a journal's impact factor as a convenient shortcut to rate a paper without reading it. Such practices compel scientists to submit their papers to journals at the top of the impact factor ladder, circulating progressively through journals further down the rungs when they are rejected. This not only wastes time for editors and those who peer-review the papers, but it is discouraging for scientists, regardless of the stage of their career.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Fortunately, some new practices are being attempted. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute is now innovating their evaluating practices by considering only a subset of publications chosen by a scientist for the review board to evaluate carefully. More institutions should determine quality in this manner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; At the same time, some publishers are exploring new practices. For instance, &lt;em&gt;PLoS One&lt;/em&gt;, one of the journals published by the Public Library of Science, evaluates papers only for technical accuracy and not subjectively for their potential impact on a field. The European Molecular Biology Organization is also rethinking its publication activities, with the goal of providing a means to publish peer-reviewed scientific data without the demotivating practices that scientists often encounter today.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; There are no numerical shortcuts for evaluating research quality. What counts is the quality of a scientist's work wherever it is published. That quality is ultimately judged by scientists, raising the issue of the process by which scientists review each others' research. However, unless publishers, scientists, and institutions make serious efforts to change how the impact of each individual scientist's work is determined, the scientific community will be doomed to live by the numerically driven motto, "survival by your impact factors."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; 10.1126/science.1165316&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr width="60%"&gt; &lt;a name="AFF1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Kai Simons is president of the European Life Scientist Organization and is at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden, Germany.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2005498454776694367?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2005498454776694367/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2005498454776694367' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2005498454776694367'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2005498454776694367'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/10/misused-impact-factor.html' title='The Misused Impact Factor'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6029199092032919143</id><published>2008-10-07T17:58:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-07T18:36:09.497-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Old wine in new bottles: Two pieces about 'Science'</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/2008/10/1/29/1/"&gt;The Scientist : What Makes Science 'Science'? [2008-10-01]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;By James Williams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://images.the-scientist.com/content/images/articles/55033/29-1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://images.the-scientist.com/content/images/articles/55033/29-1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class="articletext"&gt;Here are some of the data from the 74 graduates that I've surveyed to date: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="articletext"&gt;• 76% equated a fact with 'truth' and 'proven' &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="articletext"&gt;• 23% defined a theory as 'unproven ideas' with less than half (47%)                 recognizing a theory as a well evidenced exposition of a natural phenomenon &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="articletext"&gt;• 34% defined a law as a rule not to be broken, and forty-one percent defined                 it as an idea that science fully supports. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class="articletext"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;What makes me feel embarrassed is that I found difficult to make the definitions by myself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/2008/10/1/15/1/"&gt;The Scientist : Why the Philosophy of Science Matters [2008-10-01]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;By Richard Gallagher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;You might expect that newly minted science graduatesﾠ-ﾠwho presumably think                 of themselves as scientists, and who I'd thought of as scientistsﾠ-ﾠwould have a                 well-developed sense of what science is. So it's pretty shocking to discover that a                 large proportion of them don't have a clue.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Please pay attention to the comment following the article on the site.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6029199092032919143?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6029199092032919143/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6029199092032919143' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6029199092032919143'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6029199092032919143'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/10/old-wine-in-new-bottles-two-pieces.html' title='Old wine in new bottles: Two pieces about &apos;Science&apos;'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2715895504526861388</id><published>2008-10-07T00:18:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-07T18:40:47.737-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Capitalism in trouble</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2201534/"&gt;Name that economy - By Jacob Weisberg - Slate Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span class="h1_subhead"&gt;We don't just need to recapitalize the banks. We need to reconceptualize capitalism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span class="h1_subhead"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="byline"&gt;By Jacob Weisberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="dateline"&gt;Posted Saturday, Oct. 4, 2008, at 7:51 AM ET &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the beginning of the century, when the United States briefly contemplated the prospect of paying off its national debt, Alan Greenspan &lt;a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/2001/20010125/default.htm" target="_blank"&gt;raised an unexpected concern&lt;/a&gt;. A government surplus would end up being invested in private assets, which would violate free-market principle and could deliver socialism through the back door.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Greenspan smothered that dangerous surplus in its crib by endorsing the Bush tax cuts, but his benign view of derivatives and his nonchalance about the unregulated "shadow banking system" helped bring about the &lt;a href="http://tbm.thebigmoney.com/articles/judgments/2008/09/21/henry-paulson-socialist" target="_blank"&gt;outcome he feared&lt;/a&gt; anyhow. Authorizing the Treasury Department to take stakes in financial firms is merely the Paulson plan's most dramatic departure from textbook capitalism. The legislation—which the Senate had enough sense of irony to attach to a mental health bill—implicitly recognizes that major financial institutions have become too interwoven with the global economy to be allowed to fail. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;What should we call the economic model emerging from this crisis of capitalism? Despite the collectivization of losses and risk, it doesn't qualify as even &lt;strong&gt;reluctant socialism&lt;/strong&gt;. Government ownership of private assets is being presented as a last-ditch expedient, not a policy goal. Yet it's inaccurate to describe our economy, either pre- or post-Paulson, as simply laissez faire. A system in which government must frequently intervene to protect the world from the results of private financial misjudgment is modified capitalism—part invisible hand, part helping hand. This leaves us with a pressing problem of both conceptualization and nomenclature. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2715895504526861388?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2715895504526861388/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2715895504526861388' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2715895504526861388'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2715895504526861388'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/10/capitalism-in-trouble.html' title='Capitalism in trouble'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5701566455497022737</id><published>2008-09-09T05:35:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-09T05:45:59.802-07:00</updated><title type='text'>诈骗学术化</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;偶然留意到Elsevier的首页上的一则辟谣公告，才想起早些时候教授转给我的这封Email。从前骗子们的猎物都是以文盲为主，现在果然是教育水平提高了，开始专门针对博士们下手了。看来也是圈里人，深知大家等SCI等得白了头。也算是学术市场化的一个表征吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;发件人：""Elsevier Journals"  &lt;&lt;a href="mailto:elsevierpublishers9@gmail.com" target="_blank"&gt;elsevierpublishers9@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;发送日期：2008-05-20  05:32:43&lt;br /&gt;收件人：&lt;br /&gt;主题： Call for Papers!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"&gt;ELSEVIER:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"&gt;BUILDING  INSIGHTS; BREAKING BOUNDARIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"&gt;MANUSCRIPTS  SUBMISSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;On  behalf of all the Editors-in-chief of Elsevier Journals, we wish to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Communicate  to you that we are currently accepting manuscripts in all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Fields  of human Endeavour. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Reporting  recent developments in their fields. Papers submitted will&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Be  sorted out and published in any of our numerous journals that best&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Fits.  This is a special publication procedure which published works&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Will  be discussed at seminars (organized by Elsevier) at strategic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Cities  all over the world. Please maximize this opportunity to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Showcase  your research work to the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;The  submitted papers must be written in English and describe original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;research  not published nor currently under review by other journals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Parallel  submissions will not be accepted. Our goal is to inform&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;authors  about their paper(s) within one week of receipt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;All  submitted papers, if relevant to the theme and objectives of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;journal,  will go through an external peer-review process. Submissions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;should  include an abstract, 5-10 key words, the e-mail address of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;corresponding  author. The paper Length should not exceed 30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;double-spaced  pages including figures and references on 8.5 by 11 inch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;paper  using at least 11 point font. Authors should select a category&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;designation  for their manuscripts (article, short communication,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;review,  etc.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Papers  should be submitted electronically via email in &lt;b&gt;Microsoft  Word&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;or  PDF attachments; and should Include a cover sheet containing  corresponding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Author's  name, Paper Title, affiliation, mailing address, phone, fax number,  email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;address  etc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; color: red;"&gt;Would-be  authors should send their manuscript to:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; color: red;"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:elsevierpublications@live.co.uk" target="_blank"&gt;elsevierpublications@live.co.&lt;wbr&gt;uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Kind  Regards,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Philip  Mcgregor (Prof.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;PS:  Pls. show interest by mailing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:elsevierpublications@live.co.uk" target="_blank"&gt;elsevierpublications@live.co.&lt;wbr&gt;uk&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;if  your&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 14.4pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;Manuscript  is not ready but will be ready soon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5701566455497022737?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5701566455497022737/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5701566455497022737' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5701566455497022737'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5701566455497022737'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/09/blog-post.html' title='诈骗学术化'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5951468983698789675</id><published>2008-08-28T08:18:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-28T10:26:55.250-07:00</updated><title type='text'>结果与规则</title><content type='html'>两个人下象棋。一个人连输了两局，第三局执红，一开局就操起红车踩了黑将。黑方惊：“你这样不合规则呀！”红方答：“我不管规则，反正结果是我赢了。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这个臭棋篓子的逻辑很可笑，可是在现实中，很多人都在这样下棋，反反复复乐此不疲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;很多国家都有很好的法律，所以在纸面上他们都是民主国家（北朝鲜不是也号称“民主主义”吗）。问题在于，一个国家的民主并不能由纸上的规则来保证，而是取决于民众是不是愿意认真地遵守这些规则。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;听说泰国人又闹事了，不过比上一次略好，至少到目前为止还没有兵变，只是占了政府和电视台而已。这点儿小事对于东南亚诸国来说确实不值得大惊小怪，不但政客们经常演练，老百姓们也习以为常。台湾人在这一点上显得成熟一点儿，至少红衫军还记得游戏规则，希望绿营呛马的时候不要倒退。美国人做得更好，懂得该竞争是竞争，该合作时合作，虽然偶尔也出些差错（比如加州的预算），但总体上来讲还算对得起托克维尔的表扬。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;至于我们——我们从来就不缺乏破除陈规的魄力，所以我们藐视一切规则。当然我们有充足的理由：我们这样做是为了得到更好的结果，正所谓“大行不顾细谨”，汉高祖也好，袁世凯也好，本朝太祖也好，都是将规则踩在脚下的胜利者。失败的是中国，他总在原地踏步。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我们以正义之名践踏规则，然而却忽视了程序正义与结果正义等同的重要性。也许是人类的认知能力没有来得及进化完毕，所以才常常忽视抽象和复杂程度更高一级的规则。幸好我们还有学习能力，还有前进的希望。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;鲁迅当初呼吁“费厄泼赖应当缓行”，如今看来，这个论调贻害不浅。中学课本里还有这一篇吗？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5951468983698789675?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5951468983698789675/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5951468983698789675' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5951468983698789675'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5951468983698789675'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/08/blog-post_28.html' title='结果与规则'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5912215797174522490</id><published>2008-08-19T09:53:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-19T19:42:58.242-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Paparazzi in the woods</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2197504/"&gt;Camera traps hidden in the woods are making animals angry. - By Etienne Benson - Slate Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Camera traps are designed to capture images of wild animals, and in recent years their use by hunters and wildlife biologists has been increasing exponentially. According to one study, there has been a 50 percent increase in the number of scientific papers involving data from camera traps every year for the past decade; at any given time, there may be about 10,000 deployed in research projects. And that's just the tip of the iceberg. Exact figures are hard to come by, but industry sources say that as many as 300,000 are sold every year, mostly to hunters.&lt;/blockquote&gt;However, how about the attitude of the wildlife towards the paparazzi? According to Benson, the cameras may be hurting the animals they're used to study—and they may be affecting humans, too.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See below a footage of a rare Javan rhino attacking a video camera trap posted by WWF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-0058143226506796264 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-0058143226506796264 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-0058143226506796264 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-0058143226506796264 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-0058143226506796264 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-0058143226506796264 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/dHqhzxF2pRM&amp;amp;color1=11645361&amp;amp;color2=13619151&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Was it angry or just curious? One or another, neither appears serious. The impact of the camera is sure to be much less than the radio tags and collars at least, not too mention the poachers and the changing climate.  Anyway, trade-off is always inevitable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What concerns us most is not the animals' feelings but our imagination of wilderness. It is true that the wilderness is no longer so wild with the surveillance of secret cameras, but does the wilderness ever exist in the modern times?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Still, as we expand the culture of surveillance into nature's last redoubts, it might be worth keeping some of Murie's concerns in mind: namely, that the means we use to promote biodiversity can undermine our purposes and that a technology that's right for one place isn't necessarily right for all places. Wilderness activists of the last century believed it was crucial to maintain a few places where one could hike for days without encountering cars or roads. This wasn't because they hated automobiles—after all, it was cars that made wilderness areas widely accessible for the first time—but because they believed that certain valuable experiences &lt;a href="http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SUTDRI.html" target="_blank"&gt;could be had only in their absence&lt;/a&gt;. Wilderness activists of this century would do well to consider whether it's worth having a few places where you'll never find a surveillance camera strapped to a nearby tree.&lt;/blockquote&gt;It is upon to human nature, not nature itself.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5912215797174522490?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5912215797174522490/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5912215797174522490' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5912215797174522490'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5912215797174522490'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/08/paparazzi-in-woods.html' title='Paparazzi in the woods'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-72189787662380942</id><published>2008-08-14T08:57:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-18T08:50:53.162-07:00</updated><title type='text'>金牌炫目，病夫难愈</title><content type='html'>中国体育健儿在奥运会金牌榜上一路高歌令人欢欣鼓舞，当然个别项目除外，比如“我家球门常打开”的那个。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中国代表团脖子上金牌的夺目光晕是不是能代表中国人民体育素质的蒸蒸日上呢？这个恐怕很难说。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在一些“贵族运动”项目上，进步的确是很明显的，比如网球、游泳、高尔夫等对硬件条件要求较高的项目，只是在最近几年一部分先富起来以后才开始在中国发芽成长，不过目前所惠及的也仅限于大城市的中产阶级以上阶层，绝大多数劳苦大众还是无缘染指的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;相比之下，另一些“平民运动”项目的普及难度要小得多。比如足球，只要有一块平地就行，任何其他设施都不必要，巴西的穷孩子就是这样在街头成长为超级球星。可惜在中国，很多事情的难易是颠倒的。比如最近回家休假，约了朋友去踢球，结果碰了一鼻子灰——所有的中学操场以安全为由统统关闭，难道是荣幸地沾了奥运的光，担心我们会跑到一毛不生的烂泥地上做核试验不成？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;想来想去，理由大概只能有两个：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一个是直接的回答：为了确保校内学生专心苦读、心无旁骛，有必要抑制体育活动对他们的吸引力。换句话说，在中国教育部推行素质教育的十年里，中学教育对应试能力的关注程度非但没有丝毫削弱，反而愈发变本加厉了。这当然不能仅仅归咎于学校，他们毕竟只是高考指挥棒下的傀儡而已。不过想必教育部的大人们也有他们的苦衷：中国的就业率如此之低而福利保障体制又如此只差，不读书哪有出路？所以千军万马独木桥的残酷局面也不是他们能够扭转的，不信你看咱们东亚近邻的小棒子小鼻子们不也是个顶个被书包压弯了腰，只不过人家还能游行抗议发泄一下，咱就只能逆来顺受了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第二个是更根本的原因：除了中学的操场，为什么不能有其他的公共体育场地？当然不是不能，只是某些人不愿意而已。花一个亿建一座高尔夫球场可能不是问题，花一万块给老百姓填平一块广场可就不那么容易了——这种全民健身既无多少油水，有无政绩可表，有谁会关心呢？所以尽管我们可以培养出世界冠军，但普通市民却连跑步的地方都找不到。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可以预见，在本届及以后的奥运会，中国代表团很可能将牢牢把持金牌榜的龙头老大，并且不断扩大这一领先优势，但是中国大众的身体素质则仍然只是小步前进甚至原地踏步。奥运金牌，可能不过是东亚病夫的遮羞布而已。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-72189787662380942?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/72189787662380942/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=72189787662380942' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/72189787662380942'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/72189787662380942'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/08/blog-post_14.html' title='金牌炫目，病夫难愈'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5414624735858804733</id><published>2008-08-08T18:44:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-08T20:11:54.851-07:00</updated><title type='text'>奥运开战</title><content type='html'>推动和平而避免国家间的战争原本是创办奥运会的初衷，沿袭这一传统，潘基文同志这一回也照例呼吁奥运停战。可惜说是说，做是做，到了动真格的时候，也就没有人在意奥运这个噱头了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这边厢张大导演精心策划的开幕式刚刚千呼万唤始出来，那边厢俄罗斯和格鲁吉亚的飞机坦克就在南奥赛梯开始抢风头了。要说普京同志不愧是KGB出身，果真是处变不惊，身在鸟巢安坐，心在高加索督战，随后在媒体面前轻描淡写地宣布：“我们开战了。”这时机选的，真是不早不晚恰到好处，难不成是向奥运献礼？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;奥运停战，这种古为今用的尝试，注定只能是纸上谈兵的美好愿望。古希腊城邦间的信使交流并不容易，两国交兵不斩来使的规则也不是都能得到遵守，所以每隔几年借运动会的机会会盟就显得极具政治意义。而到了现代，国家间交流的空间阻隔早已不是问题，频繁的政治集会更冲淡了奥运会在推进国际和平上的实际作用——从这一点上来讲，现在的奥运会倒是更接近于纯粹的体育赛事。只是不知道俄格两国的运动员在赛场上狭路相逢的时候会作何感想。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5414624735858804733?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5414624735858804733/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5414624735858804733' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5414624735858804733'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5414624735858804733'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/08/blog-post_09.html' title='奥运开战'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5632190946311798127</id><published>2008-08-03T22:35:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-05T09:53:13.690-07:00</updated><title type='text'>向上，还是败坏？——献给索尔仁尼琴</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://ap.google.com/media/ALeqM5hF4LlMMUh0E5guXibPTxCG7LKCCw?size=m"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://ap.google.com/media/ALeqM5hF4LlMMUh0E5guXibPTxCG7LKCCw?size=m" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;案头一直摞放着三卷本的《古拉格群岛》，两年来时断时续读了又读。断，是由于文字过于沉重而深刻，心灵难以一次性承载过多的负荷，不得不浮上水面深呼吸，才能蓄足气力再次下潜。而每一次下潜都在内心的最深处积蓄力量，这种力量叫做良知。力量的源泉，来自于“俄罗斯的良心”亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴。今天，2008年8月4日，老人远离尘世而去了，幸而良知仍然随他留下的文字而继续布道人间。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不得不声明，它不是一本小说，更不适合消遣。小说所依赖的是想象力，然而人类的行为有时候会超越想象力的阈值。我猜想更多的人读过奥威尔的《一九八四》，即便是这样一本将想象力发挥至极致的小说，它的出拳仍然显得绵软无力，而且偏离要害。当然这并非奥威尔的过错，毕竟他只是在西班牙的战壕里与苏联“老大哥”有一面之识，毕竟他没有机会亲自领教斯大林同志的五十八条，毕竟古拉格群岛的故事并非一个思维正常、良心未泯、对社会尚抱有一丝美好希望的人所能想象的——除非一个人曾经真实地经历过，并且足够幸运地活下来，更重要的是他的良心并未因此而泯灭——很幸运，在流入古拉格的水流中，确有这样的几个幸存者，其中最勇敢而顽强的斗士之一便是索尔仁尼琴。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;全书一百四十万字，共分七部，向世人展现了一幅“波澜壮阔的劳改营生活画卷”。有些章节是生动的，比如描述作者自身经历的部分；有些章节可能略显枯燥，因为需要大量引用统计数字和文件记录，毕竟历史就是如此；还有部分章节并不满足于简单地堆砌材料，在历史废墟之上应当建起反思的纪念碑，而这才是精髓之所在——&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;《古拉格群岛》的卓越价值并非对迫害历史的详尽记录，而是在于揭示社会制度对于个人心灵的“改造”以及良知在绝境中的挣扎。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在所有的章节当中，我个人最喜欢的是第三部第十九章“泽克民族”、第四部第一章“向上”以及第四部第二章“还是败坏？”。吃不饱穿不暖，只有西伯利亚永恒的冬天和泰加林中没有尽头的一般劳动，也只有当环境的严苛程度迫近生存的底线时，人类的动物本性才会得到最大地释放从而迅速转变为“泽克民族”，至于良心，“留在档案里了！”弱肉强食，适者生存，凡是不能够迅速转化为“泽克民族”的只有被无情地淘汰，古拉格堪称社会达尔文主义最大规模的实验基地，在这一点上，斯大林同志又一次战胜了他的老对手希特勒。在这里，只有“泰加林法则”是可靠的：不要相信任何人。是的，确实很令人惊讶，为什么累积千年的人类社会美德竟然在瞬间崩坏：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“在劳改营的环境里，人永远不可能依然是人。这正是建立劳改营的目的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一切人的感情——爱情、友谊、妒忌、仁爱、善良、好名、诚实——随着筋肉一起从我们身上销蚀了……我们没有了自豪感和自尊心，甚至醋意和情欲都好像是火星上的概念……唯一剩下的是愤恨——这是人的最耐久的感情。”（沙拉莫夫）&lt;/blockquote&gt;答案也许是这样的：他们没有退路，或者背叛而活下来，或者忠诚而死去，这是名副其实的囚徒博弈，赌注是自己的生命，更要紧的是，不会再有第二次机会了，不会再有了，快做出选择吧！没错，与其坐以待毙不如先下手为强，难道“活下去”不是最根本的诉求吗？所以要“不惜任何代价”，也就是以别人为代价。“今天该你死，明天才轮到我”，难道还有其他的选择吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;是的，还有。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“这是劳改营生活道路的大分岔。从这一点起，道路分成左右两条。一条向上，一条向下。向右走——你将失去生命，往左走——你将失去良心。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;失去生命，这也算是一个选择吗？是的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“我们一年一个螺旋地沿着认识生活的道路向上攀登，从这个高度我们清楚地看到：重要的不是结果！不是结果——而是&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;精神&lt;/span&gt;！不是做了&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;什么&lt;/span&gt;——而是&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;怎样&lt;/span&gt;做的。不是达到了什么目的，而是花了什么代价。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;这个要求是不是太高了？是的，没有人是天生的圣人，但是每个人都可以忠于自己的良心，只要他愿意“向上”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“命运只许我用压弯的、几乎要折断的脊背从狱中年代里驮出一条这样的经验：人是怎样变成恶人和怎样变成好人的。在少年得志的迷醉中我曾觉得自己是不会有过失的，因而我残忍。当大权在握时我曾是一名刽子手和压迫者。在我穷凶极恶的时候我确信我在做好事，我有头头是道的理由。只有当我躺在牢狱里霉烂的麦秸上的时候心里才感觉到善的第一次蠕动。我逐渐发现善与恶的界线并不在国家与国家之间、阶级与阶级之间、政党与政党之间，——而是在每一个人的心中穿过，在一切人的心中穿过。这条线在移动，它随着岁月的流逝而摆动；连被恶占据了的心中也保持着一小块善的阵地。连在最善的心中仍保留着一个……尚未铲除的恶的角落。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;自那以后我终于懂得了世间一切宗教的真谛：它们是与存在于（每一个）人内心的恶作斗争的。世界上的恶不可能除尽，但每个人心中的恶却可以束缚。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;自那以后我终于懂得了历史上一切革命之虚妄：它们只消灭各自时代的恶的&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;体现者&lt;/span&gt;（而在匆忙扰乱中也不加分辨地消灭着善的体现者）——至于被更加扩大了的恶的本身，它们却当做遗产继承下来。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;如果善与恶的种子都同时在心底种下，那么决定一切的就是用什么来灌溉它。因而，“败坏”并没有借口。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“在劳改营里不是存在决定意识，相反，你到底是变成禽兽还是继续做一个人，全依赖于你的意识和你对人性的坚定信念。”（M.A.沃伊琴科）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“不错，劳改营的设计和目标是要使人败坏。但这并不意味着它们能揉烂&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;每一个人&lt;/span&gt;。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;好吧，就算劳改营失败了，就算你能够揣着良心走出来，你又能够做什么？你能一把火烧掉一切罪恶吗？又或者只是从一个有形的劳改营落入了一个无形的劳改营？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;别忘了，“泽克民族”是不能自我繁殖的，他们并不是出生在高墙之内。也就是说，外面的世界并不安全，那里充满了监视、告密和逮捕。奥威尔曾经天才似的想象出了无处不在的电屏，但是这其实完全没有必要，其实摧毁一个社会最为有效的方法恰恰是最为原始的方式——告密。禁止一个人讲话并不需要捏紧他的嘴，只要让他失去值得信任的听众就够了。儿子揭发父亲，夫妻互相监视……一旦人与人之间的信任纽带被斩断，以人性为基础的社会自然会发生雪崩式的坍塌——还记得《别人的生活》的主演Ulrich Mühe吗？他的妻子在现实中就是Stasi的秘密线人，多年来一直监视着丈夫的言行。我党在反右、四清和文革过程中不也一直在采用同样的策略吗？划清界限，把人类的一切情感统统清扫出去，只留下憎恨。如Igor Shafarevich所指出，消灭人性是Socialism的必经之路，有谁能举出反例吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人类用了数百万年的时间，从非洲丛林中的古猿进化而来，我们能够引以为傲的遗产不是两足行走，而是社会道德——人性和良知。一个企图以泯灭人性为代价所换取的乌托邦难道不是历史最大的反动吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;或许有人说，发生的这一切只是一个大胆的尝试，不应苛责。当然，实验未尝不可，我们可以这样从容地开脱，因为我们是幸存者。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;尽管读了又读，我仍然无法彻底适应索尔仁尼琴犀利辛辣的快刀，也许是因为我足够幸运而错过了那个时代。这个理由也同样适用于绝大多数的批评者——毕竟说风凉话要比干“一般劳动”轻松得多。索尔仁尼琴之所以得到世人的崇敬，并非因其文笔精妙，也非单单钦佩其批判斯大林的勇气，事实上，他在颠沛流离的一生中从不向任何强权低头，无论是东方还是西方，无论在何种逆境中他永远保持独立的头脑，所以在他生命的最后岁月里，他可以问心无愧地说：“我从未背叛自己的良知。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这正是一个“知识分子”的风骨，护佑着良知的火种使我们不致堕入无尽的黑暗之中。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5632190946311798127?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5632190946311798127/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5632190946311798127' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5632190946311798127'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5632190946311798127'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/08/blog-post.html' title='向上，还是败坏？——献给索尔仁尼琴'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4690796419081134975</id><published>2008-07-31T08:38:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-31T10:32:29.438-07:00</updated><title type='text'>教育的弃儿</title><content type='html'>又一个&lt;a href="http://edu.sina.com.cn/l/2008-07-30/1730144889.shtml"&gt;代课教师的感人故事&lt;/a&gt;，日薪一斤苞谷，“他既是教师，又是校长，同时还是勤杂工，他不仅要给学生们上课，还要到山下背水给孩子们喝。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;确实让人感动，也许足够感动中国，只是……为什么又是山区的代课教师？一年又一年，我们的感人故事为什么还是这么多？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;问题的一个方面是国家财政对于国民教育投入的不足，根据联合国公布的数字，中国的教育经费只占国民生产总值的2%。不过这还远远不是故事的全部，甚至不是故事的主要部分。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一个更重要的问题是，教育资金的投入究竟是如何分配的。前两年那个拍脑袋的教育部出台过一个全面废止民办教师的政策，后来不得不自扇耳光把政策收回了，因为很多偏远山村都根本招不到教师，更不要说是公办教师了。那么说中国的教师队伍数量不足吗？我不这么认为。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;似乎范美忠老师一鸣惊人之后曾经颇引起一些人的感叹：“北大毕业居然去做中学教师？！”其实在现今中国这实在算不上什么，慢说北大清华的毕业生做中学教师一点儿不罕见，博士们为争夺一个中学教师位置打得头破血流的也是屡见不鲜，理由很简单也很直白——中学教师赚得比大学副教授多。当然也有一个前提：大城市。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北京上海……这是一个不同的世界，中小学生唱哪几出京剧都能惊动教育部，学生的素质自然也是出类拔萃，高考分数线低几十分有什么不合理的吗？一旦出了这个圈子，有个成语很贴切，每况愈下，而且恐怕是指数递减。到了村里还能剩下什么呢？当然就只有老乡们合伙捐出点儿苞米棒子了。试问有几个头脑“正常”的大学生愿意为这几斗玉米棒子去感动中国呢？有谁不想自己的孩子受教育飞出大山呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;前几天回到我读书的高中踢球，看到今年高考录取的榜单，惊讶地发现排名前列的学生几乎是清一色来自两个班级，也就是说，这是两个重点班，而被忽视的是二十多个非重点班……我特地同校长谈了这件事情，因为我不喜欢这样的发展趋势，至少在我读书的时候还不是这样。首先，区别教育的效果并不好，从高考成绩上可以看出来，人为催生的过度竞争不一定会创造积极的动力。而更为重要的是，这样并不公平。高中教育虽然还不是普及教育，但是公立学校至少不应该成为贵族教育。我相信社会的进步依赖于国民素质的整体提高，而不在于多一两个“精英”。可惜话语权一直把握在极少数“精英”手里。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人总是有私心的，每个人都希望自己的子女能受到最好的教育，甚至不惜倾家荡产，这是人之常情。所以上一辈的“精英”们自然也会努力培养下一辈的“精英”，而且在中国当前的权力体制下，他们有这个能力。所以北京的教育越来越好，而山村的老师越来越少……即使国家对教育投资的力度加大，这个分化的趋势也不会改变——人生而不平等，除非我们有一个平等的制度，人们有平等的话语权。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4690796419081134975?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4690796419081134975/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4690796419081134975' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4690796419081134975'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4690796419081134975'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_31.html' title='教育的弃儿'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3293434331158548499</id><published>2008-07-28T22:21:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-30T23:22:15.050-07:00</updated><title type='text'>钻石的价值</title><content type='html'>老同学办喜事，聊起没过门的弟妹要的钻戒，才知道那玩意儿原来这么值银子，居然比我的估价还要高出一个数量级……又不当吃又不当喝，为什么这么多人趋之若鹜呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这就是柏拉图提出的“水和钻石”的悖论，斯密的陈述是，“没有比水更有用处的东西了，但水却极难换取任何其他东西。相反，一块钻石几乎毫无用处，却常常可以交换很多其他东西。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一个最直接的回答是：钻石的稀缺性决定了其高昂的交换价值。寻找一块钻石所需的预期劳动量是极大的，像买彩票一样，就算投入倾家荡产，也未必能有所收获。再说就算你有足够的毅力和决心，也未必能从刚果和塞拉利昂活着回来。所以钻石的成本是相当高的，掏一笔巨款免去淘钻石的辛苦和风险，倒也合情合理。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可是价值并不是这样度量的。一件事物的价值是由其所能带来的效用决定的。有人说钻石的使用价值就是切割玻璃而已，如此说来，花巨款买把玻璃刀岂不荒谬？以此推理，钻石的效用定然不止于此。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;类比于黄金白银，钻石显然更加稀缺且坚固，所以作为保值储藏物应是极品。不过对于大多数人来说，买钻石的目的似乎并不是储蓄或投机之用，不然干嘛要把钻石带到手上，怕小偷看不见吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;所以依我看，钻石的主要效用，在于其炫耀的功能。人是社会动物，寻求在群体中提升自己的社会等级是本性使然，而手段不一而足。可以像大猩猩一样通过短兵相接排座次，不过这是野蛮行为，可能造成两败俱伤，只有迫不得已才会出此下策；也可以像孔雀一样通过展示华丽尾羽文明竞争，人类确实一直乐此不疲，比如选美比赛和整容化妆产业的蒸蒸日上。可惜财富不能够像羽毛一样长在身上，所以需要通过其他途径表现。像当年石崇与王恺那样斗富倒也不是不可以，但是实在是过于赤裸裸，总免不了被旁人诟病为“暴发户”。没办法，人类就是这么虚伪的动物，又想炫耀，又怕别人说自己显摆，于是只好挖空心思搞出形式主义的复杂手段来把自己伪装起来。钻石就是这样一种手段，人们为其赋予了众多的象征意义，其实就是为了把自己的炫耀行为装扮得看上去文明一点儿。总不能直接把钞票贴在脸上吧，那也太“土鳖”了……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其实炫耀也无可厚非，毕竟如果人们都不再炫耀了，这世界该是多么平淡无趣啊。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3293434331158548499?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3293434331158548499/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3293434331158548499' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3293434331158548499'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3293434331158548499'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_29.html' title='钻石的价值'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8939186100697676705</id><published>2008-07-23T22:53:00.006-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-27T10:14:13.483-07:00</updated><title type='text'>皇上圣明</title><content type='html'>继6-28贵州事件之后，云南某县在7-19又发生类似的群体性事件。而两省政府部门对于两起事件的处理方法更是高度地一致——先将冲突定性为“极少数”不法分子寻衅滋事，再将矛盾归结于地方政府长期失职引发民怨；然后由封疆大吏亲自出面，各打五十板子，以正视听。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;公道地讲，相比于从前的严打作风，最近两起事件的处理过程在透明度以及合理性上都已经有所进步，至少没有完全对公共舆论充耳不闻。对于国人来说，这样的处理结果似乎已经做到了“面子上过得去”，不过在这一点上也带有显著的中国特色：比如说由上级大员出马将下级官员拿下，不但纾解了民怨，还彰显了中央领导们的明察秋毫英明神武。而这也正吻合了民众对政府形象的想象和期望——北京鸭将这一现象总结为：&lt;a href="http://www.pekingduck.org/2008/07/local-ccp-bad-central-ccp-good/"&gt;Local CCP Bad, Central CCP Good&lt;/a&gt;，即地方官员都是腐败分子，党中央还是爱民如子的，只是下边的“坏蛋”欺瞒中央而已。根据我个人这两年来在各地的工作经验，这样的想法在民众中是相当普遍的，特别是在经济文化相对落后的地区更是如此。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/pomfretschina/2008/07/in_china_all_politics_you_can.html"&gt;Pomfret发表在华盛顿邮报的文章&lt;/a&gt;将中国民众的这种特殊社会心理溯源到“包青天”的身上，即中国人自古以来就一直相信定会有青天大老爷从天而降来主持正义，所以社会底层的冤屈总会有沉冤得雪的一天，因为皇上圣明毋庸置疑。尽管封建皇权制度早已是过眼云烟，然而文化的演变却依旧缓慢，纵使像毛泽东的文化大革命那样翻天覆地，也未能将人们脑子里根深蒂固的“封建余孽”铲除干净。还记得去年在四川山区做调查的时候，当地人最爱看的电视节目是《康熙微服私访》和《杨三姐告状》，其背后的寓意也不难窥见：由于对地方政府的不满而上诉无门，只好期待当今的“皇上”也能微服私访体察民情。除此之外，还能有什么期待呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“资本主义市场，社会主义政府，封建农民”，这就是中国广大农村地区的现状。贫困并不是自然资源的限制造成的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有一点儿出人意料的是，电视机的进入和普及在弥合文化鸿沟的同时又在进一步加剧这种精神分裂状态。老百姓如今可以从电视上了解到中央出台的新政策，但是除了CCTV之外，他们并没有更多的信息渠道，也就是说他们只能听到关于中央的百分之百的官方报道。相反，对于地方政府，他们不需要通过新闻报道来了解，因为生活体验比来自电视机的二手消息更可靠。那么，既然新闻说中央出台了各种政策，而地方上却没有落实，问题出在哪里？新闻里说总理还穿着旧棉袄，可是大家都看到乡长家里住上了小洋楼，这又要怎么解释呢？对于一颗正常的脑袋来说，这些信息只能推导出一个结论：地方官贪赃枉法辜负了党中央的一片苦心。不得不承认，党中央对媒体的控制在整体上来讲是成功的，至少暂时如此。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;古典经济学对市场经济实现一般均衡的一个前提假设是充分信息，可惜对于很多地区的很多人来说，这是天方夜谭。所以有些人在福布斯榜单上炫耀了一番之后还要呼吁政府照顾，而另外一些人则甘受贫困一声不吭，只是默默期待着钦差大臣的降临。这就是中国。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;没错，总要有希望才有动力活下去，既然有人相信神佛上帝，为什么不能相信皇上圣明呢？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8939186100697676705?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8939186100697676705/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8939186100697676705' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8939186100697676705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8939186100697676705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_24.html' title='皇上圣明'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3902735026575407878</id><published>2008-07-19T01:48:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-19T01:58:04.030-07:00</updated><title type='text'>“血腥尼古拉”还是“血腥列宁”？</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SIGsLED-oEI/AAAAAAAAA58/HYdWGAxzOPY/s1600-h/nicola+family.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5224646348795453506" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SIGsLED-oEI/AAAAAAAAA58/HYdWGAxzOPY/s400/nicola+family.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;整整九十年前，俄国末代沙皇尼古拉二世全家——包括沙皇夫妇、儿女及仆人——倒在布尔什维克的枪口之下。根据无产阶级革命家们一贯坚持的“打倒在地，再踏上一只脚”的原则，这个丢了脑袋的“暴君”还被追认了一个“血腥尼古拉”的称号——一向伟大光荣正确的列宁同志怎么可能误杀好人呢？所以他们一定都是罪有应得，包括那几个不满十岁的孩子，谁叫他们出身不好呢？根据先进理论，阶级性大概是可以基因遗传的吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过，似乎总有“一小撮”落后群众在对敌人滥发善心。由于皇子Alexei和小公主Anastasia的尸骨一直未能找到，这些人就总是不肯放弃幻想“暴君”的孽种幸免于难，还不断传出假冒公主的传闻，居然还被别有用心的资本主义国家拍成了电影。可是，在先进理论指引下的无产阶级革命者怎么可能对反动阶级存有丝毫同情心呢？这当然是白日做梦。刚刚公布的考古研究结果终于熄灭了这最后的一丝火星——皇子和小公主的骨骸也得到确认。可是，可是，为什么在听到这个预料之中的消息的时候，我还是会感到莫名的失望和伤感呢？也许我就属于那革命性不强的“一小撮”吧，不过这“一小撮”真的有那么小吗？同情心难道不是人类最基础的天性之一吗？莫非无产阶级革命者是基因变异的产物？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;列宁同志当然不会冤枉好人：根据布尔什维克的历史记载，“血腥尼古拉”曾经下令血腥镇压进步群众的政治运动，据说造成伤亡上千人；还有他手下那个著名反动头子斯托雷平，动辄逮捕革命人士。可是，正是在这个“血腥尼古拉”的恐怖统治之下，伟大的革命领袖列宁同志，作为行刺沙皇凶犯的亲弟弟，照常顺利考入了喀山皇家大学的法律系，而且还能不断地组织学生和工人运动，所得的处罚也不过是开除学籍、短期流放之类，而且在流放期间还从政府得到充裕的经济补助，还能照常在国内发表文章，还能拿到出国护照……大概“暴君”做梦也没有想到，有朝一日，得到他宽大处理的正义领袖会怎样报答他吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“由昨天还是雇佣奴隶的多数人去镇压剥削者少数人是一件比较容易、比较简单和比较自然的事情，所流的血会比从前少数人对多数人的镇压少得多，人类为此而付出的代价要小得多。”列宁同志果然说到做到，那么这个小得多的代价究竟是多少呢？据流亡的统计学教授库尔干诺夫计算，从一九一七到一九五九年，不算战争死亡，单算由于恐怖手段消灭、镇压、饥饿而死的，以及劳改营中高于正常的死亡率，这个代价是五千五百万人！看来尼古拉二世没什么可遗憾的，毕竟他还有这样庞大的陪葬队伍。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当然，把所有功绩都算在乌里扬诺夫同志的账本上是不公正的，毕竟这里面大部分的工作是由他指定的继任者斯大林同志完成的。不过，既然说万事开头难，那么究竟是谁带的头呢？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3902735026575407878?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3902735026575407878/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3902735026575407878' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3902735026575407878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3902735026575407878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_19.html' title='“血腥尼古拉”还是“血腥列宁”？'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SIGsLED-oEI/AAAAAAAAA58/HYdWGAxzOPY/s72-c/nicola+family.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4995995951224913760</id><published>2008-07-14T02:35:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-14T02:42:52.159-07:00</updated><title type='text'>留美预备学校重现辉煌</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5886/185?rss=1"&gt;U.S. GRADUATE TRAINING: Top Ph.D. Feeder Schools Are Now Chinese -- Mervis 321 (5886): 185 -- Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol321/issue5886/images/medium/185-1-med.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol321/issue5886/images/medium/185-1-med.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;我不知道该怎么评论这条消息。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我只知道这个数字还会继续快速增长下去，其中有我一个。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4995995951224913760?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4995995951224913760/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4995995951224913760' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4995995951224913760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4995995951224913760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_14.html' title='留美预备学校重现辉煌'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6382377323582339004</id><published>2008-07-13T05:54:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-14T02:05:31.292-07:00</updated><title type='text'>他不是一个人在战斗</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.douban.com/subject/1292274/"&gt;&lt;img src="http://otho.douban.com/mpic/s1493089.jpg" style="padding: 0pt 20px 20px 0pt; float: left;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;这是一场完全不对等的较量，借用茨威格的比喻，是“蚂蚁战大象”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Viktor Navorski先生，来自虚构的战乱中东欧小国Krakozhia，而后又不幸沦为无国籍难民，空降山姆大叔门前，举目无亲，几乎身无分文，英文表达能力基本上除了yes和no之外就只有Jazz。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frank Dixon先生，本土精英，肯尼迪国际机场的新任国王，生杀大权在握，手下“奴隶”无数，只需坐在办公室晃一晃遥控器和步话机，一切尽在掌握。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;诚然，Navorski有很多优点：比如说毅力，能在机场住9个月真是非比常人；再比如说勇气，能豁出脸面去靠回收手推车赚quarters，恐怕换成我没这个胆量；还有手艺，不单可以用来混饭还能泡妞，想必老兄在国内干过瓦匠……OK，这些优点也许能够帮助他在困境中生存下去，不过，也仅仅是维持生存而已，要靠单挑战胜Dixon，仍然没有任何胜算。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;好在，幸运的是，Navorski这个小角色还有一个最为重要的优势：他有同情心，而且是很强烈的那种；而Dixon的同情心，似乎早被他的权力欲望吞没了。Navorski自保且不能，俨然全机场最为无助的孤儿，却还时时不忘向身边的陌生人施以援手，虽然也时不时帮倒忙；而Dixon总是强调rules，在他眼里，人都是没有感情的机械生物，这个世界是凭借权利和规则运行的。事实证明，在争夺盟友的斗争中（当然这只是非自觉的斗争），同情心远远比权力和规则更加有力量。蚂蚁可以战胜大象，因为他不是一个人在战斗。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Passion -- that is the foundation of this country."这是Dixon的老上司教育Dixon的话，可惜他似乎丝毫没有理解其中的深意，直到目送对手远去，也许他都没有明白自己为什么会失败。他无法想象一向胆小怕事为了逃避牢狱之灾而隐姓埋名23年的印度老头会有勇气抄起拖把“劫机”；更无法相信他的“奴隶”竟会集体叛变。“难道他们不怕扣工钱、炒鱿鱼甚至坐班房？难道这世界上真有人甘愿为别人而自我牺牲？”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;是的，人是自私的，但只是有限的，所以强权的效力也是有限的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:100%;"   lang="ZH-CN"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:100%;"   lang="ZH-CN"&gt;“无论人们会认为某人怎样自私，这个人的天赋中总是明显地存在着这样一些本性，这些本性使他关心别人的命运，把别人的幸福看成是自己的事情，虽然他除了看到别人幸福而感到高兴以外，一无所得。这种本性就是怜悯或同情，就是当我们 看到或逼真地想象到他人的不幸遭遇时所产生的感情。”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;这是亚当斯密《道德情操论》的开篇。同情，或者说是对他人的关心，乃是每一个人与生俱来的基本情愫。我们的晚餐虽然不一定是面包师和屠夫的慈悲恩赐，但是一个丧失了同情心的社会也很难提供比晚餐更多的温暖，想想波澜壮阔的文化大革命吧……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对于当下中国的社会混乱状态，很多人将其归咎于“法制不健全”。然而中国的法令真的还不够多吗？我很怀疑这世界上是否还有比中国的红头文件更多的国家。更多的法令能够许诺更美好的未来吗？我很悲观。有人说美国是“法制国家”的典范，然而这个典范国家居然在使用判例制而非法典制。正如Dixon的老上司之言，这个典范国家的基础是“情”而非“法”，因为法的核心还是人。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大卫休谟说法律是按照对付“流氓”的标准设计的——所以法律必然也只能维持最低等级的道德。如果说没有法律的社会是弱肉强食的蛮荒之地，那么单纯依赖法律运行的社会也最多不过是一座秩序井然的大监狱而已。Dixon治下的肯尼迪机场就是这样一座监狱，每一个低级员工每日里循规蹈矩聊以自保，直到Navorski这个秩序破坏者突然降临。他的大手印向人们证明，除了循规蹈矩，一个人还可以做得更多，除去自己之外，世界上还有其他人的存在。生活从此翻开新的一页。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最终，在众人的支持和帮助下，Navorski成功“越狱”。而成功“越狱”的，似乎又不只是他一个人。同情心的觉醒将众多孤独的灵魂从狭隘的单人牢房中释放出来，为别人而战斗，同别人并肩战斗，这不单是一场战斗的胜利，更是对个人生命的超越。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6382377323582339004?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6382377323582339004/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6382377323582339004' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6382377323582339004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6382377323582339004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_13.html' title='他不是一个人在战斗'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1448706257926127289</id><published>2008-07-07T22:09:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-07T23:06:13.053-07:00</updated><title type='text'>午餐奇遇</title><content type='html'>十几年前读过老舍的《马宗融先生的时间观念》，至今记忆犹新，想不到，今天居然巧遇二十一世纪新版马宗融。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;上午忙于处理搬家的手续，吃饭的时候已经过了正晌午，食堂里食客稀稀落落。偶遇刚从美国回来的师兄，聊起找工作的事情，感慨政府工作做不得，因为书呆子不会搞人际关系。话音未落，身后突然闪出一位鬓发斑白的老先生，笑呵呵地冲着我们慢慢讲道：“年轻人，有句话叫‘千错万错，马屁不错’。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;还没等我转过神来，老先生已走到近前，“比如说‘孝顺’二字，关键在顺。天天跟老爷子顶牛，就是逆子……”一堂生动地思想教育课就这样开始了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一会儿比较国内与国外的实验室条件，一会儿又回忆自己和同事留美的经历（原来是半导体所的老牛），还引用我们东北那副对联：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;说你行，你就行，不行也行&lt;br /&gt;说不行，就不行，行也不行&lt;br /&gt;横批：不服不行&lt;/blockquote&gt;中间还特别拿马普和斯坦福做例子，就好像有意说给我听的一样，吓得我手心出汗。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;总之大意是无论国内国外，人总是社会动物，都爱听好听的。特别在国内，下级服从上级是别无选择的，要成事非得会迎合圣意不行。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;五湖四海一同神游之后，终于扣回主题——“马屁不能拍的太狠，但是人际关系还是要走动的。逢年过节还是要去领导家里拜会一下，不可久坐，坐得太久招人烦。所以我今天也不能坐得太久，免得耽误你们时间。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;说话间翩然而去。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;留下两个呆子哑言相觑，二十秒后仓皇逃走……&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1448706257926127289?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1448706257926127289/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1448706257926127289' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1448706257926127289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1448706257926127289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_08.html' title='午餐奇遇'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-86080595969459441</id><published>2008-07-01T04:09:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-01T05:14:41.606-07:00</updated><title type='text'>如果在七十年前……</title><content type='html'>刚才在街边小饭铺吃晚饭，我那个老党员师兄义愤填膺地向我讲述关于贵州瓮安“打砸抢烧”事件的情况，特别提到：“如果发生在解放前……”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;是啊，如果这件事发生在七十年前，新华社的报道大概会是这样的：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;新华社贵州瓮安６月２９日电　２８日下午，我党领导下的革命群众在贵州省瓮安县城成功发起了一起围攻反动政府衙门的暴动。  &lt;p&gt;    据当地民兵介绍，瓮安县警察局纵容县政府高官子弟将该县一名女学生残害致死并颠倒黑白，激起革命群众的无比愤慨。２８日下午，革命群众自发地聚集到县政府和县公安局，机智勇敢地冲破军警的层层阻挠，一举冲进戒备森严的县公安局和县政府大楼，并成功捣毁反动政府办公室及车辆，有效打击了反动势力的嚣张气焰。县长及公安局长侥幸趁乱逃脱。  &lt;/p&gt;    暴动发生后，贵州省军阀恼羞成怒，警察厅长迅速带领大批军警赶至事发现场，对瓮安革命群众施以血腥镇压，瓮安县城陷入一片白色恐怖之中。我革命群众虽英勇抵抗，终寡不敌众，至２９日凌晨２时，瓮安县城陷落。革命转入地下。&lt;/blockquote&gt;历史啊，就看笔杆子在谁手里了。当然，笔杆子还得看枪杆子的脸色。幸而咱老百姓多少还有点儿辨别黑白的能力，公道自在人心。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;要跳出这个枪杆子-笔杆子的轮回，我们需要一个新的制度，而一个新的皇帝是没有用的。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-86080595969459441?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/86080595969459441/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=86080595969459441' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/86080595969459441'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/86080595969459441'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post.html' title='如果在七十年前……'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2724360633643496194</id><published>2008-06-28T22:23:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-28T23:55:31.094-07:00</updated><title type='text'>卖&amp;送书</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pXV7HsJ98kW6cHEA2Xu5NTQ"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 120px;" src="http://www.basbleu.com/graphics/categories/SaleBooks_T.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;又要搬家了，这一回要搬到太平洋对岸去，不得不轻装简行。三年来攒下的唯一家底儿就是书籍一堆，先把笃定不会保留的一部分插上草标挂在这里。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;原则上以2折为参考价，如手头紧张，白送亦可。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pXV7HsJ98kW6cHEA2Xu5NTQ"&gt;查看待售书目&lt;/a&gt; （随时增补更新）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;相关介绍可参考此豆列提供的链接：&lt;a href="http://www.douban.com/doulist/157236/"&gt;卖&amp;amp;送书&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2724360633643496194?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2724360633643496194/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2724360633643496194' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2724360633643496194'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2724360633643496194'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_29.html' title='卖&amp;送书'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-798747035910094423</id><published>2008-06-28T00:08:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-28T01:16:14.049-07:00</updated><title type='text'>法律与道德</title><content type='html'>大卫休谟曾说过，社会制度的设计应当把所有人都假设为自私自利的“流氓”。几百年来，人类社会的法律体系大体一直遵循着这一原则，包括那些把休谟批得体无完肤的所谓社会主义国家。由此我们可以认为，法律规定了道德的底线。既然如此，那么提高法律的道德标准是不是就能够提高社会道德的整体水平了呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;事实恰恰相反。社会道德并不依赖于法律而存在，强制性地提高道德要求只能造成道德的退化。这是因为我们之所以愿意把个人的道德水平提高到高于法律规定的水平，是因为我们可以从中感到快乐，即助人为乐是也。而一旦法律把我们原本无私的行为也降低到义务水平，原本的自豪感便荡然无存了（这个现象叫做crowd out）。而且法律对于道德的监督又是难以严格执行的，因为在大多数情况下，道德是无法客观评价的，其结果必然是道德在法律外衣的掩护下退化。苏联、中国和柬埔寨的大清洗时期都执行极端严格的法律，同时也导致了道德的彻底沦丧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;范跑跑由于“道德问题”而丢掉了教师从业资格，这是一出新的“道德法律化”闹剧。范没有尽到保护学生的义务，校方自然有权解雇，但是教育部跳出来做什么？你们可以规定教师的行为义务，但是道德本身是不能够规定的。你们想把道德也像猪肉一样放到案板上一块一块切开来称重吗？像对待猪肉一样对待道德，也只能把道德的价值贬低到与猪肉一样（当然，随着CPI一路飘红，一斤道德以后只怕连一斤猪肉也换不到了）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;道德是社会自身的属性，道德水平的提高也只能依靠社会公众的相互影响。政府要做的工作是创造一个透明通畅的社会信息交流和舆论监督环境，而不是自己跳出来越俎代庖，况且代庖的还是尽是些浑身沾染了腐败病菌的家伙，他们做出来的东西，味道且不论，只怕吃了之后还要拉肚子的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Good policies and constitutions are those that support socially valued ends not only by harnessing selfish preferences to public ends but also by evoking, cultivating, and empowering public-spirited motives （Bowles 2008）.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Bowles S. Policies designed for self-interested citizens may undermine "the moral sentiments": Evidence from economic experiments. Science, 2008, 320: 1605-1609.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-798747035910094423?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/798747035910094423/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=798747035910094423' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/798747035910094423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/798747035910094423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_7387.html' title='法律与道德'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6731947529428100701</id><published>2008-06-27T19:32:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-28T00:07:07.495-07:00</updated><title type='text'>又到一年毕业时</title><content type='html'>大学毕业时的情景恍然如昨，离别科学院的日子竟也屈指可数了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;三年前别清华的时候，曾自比作“雏燕离巢，柳絮飘飞”，那时俨然还是一个懵懵懂懂的追梦者，未来如同瀚海一扁舟，除却勇气别无所依。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;而今再度别岸启航，昔日雏燕之羽尤未丰，然目光已坚。瀚海波涛依旧，信天翁往矣。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一个人在生理上的成长大约总不过二十岁，而在心智上的成长却能够随着生命不断延伸，甚至超越生命的限制。然而心智成长的轨迹也远比生理成长远为复杂难料。尚未识字的幼童便可预见自己二十岁的身高，误差总不过是170或是180而已。而不过三年前我绝无法预测自己今天的思想，就像前些天同朋友们看电影时忽然意识到自己在大学四年里竟然从为911欢呼转而为平安祈祷。不知道如果当年没有邂逅茨威格这段成长的轨迹又当如何重写，同样，如果在刚刚过去的三年里没有相继邂逅Sigmund, Nowak, Gintis, Henrich, Ostrom, Milinski, Fehr, Roughgarden, ... 现在自己又当身在何处？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在这一连串的偶然际遇之中，我最为感激和珍视的是与Tim Moermond先生的相逢。实话说，Tim先生带给我的学术上的指导并不很多，而我从他那里得到的道德上的布施却是终生受用不尽的。实用主义的现身说法曾反复教育我，人都是现实而近乎理性的，要生存就要放弃幼稚的梦想，而幸福只能是建立于财富与权力的宝座之上。我虽然不愿相信这个故事，却又苦于无从反驳，耶稣、孔子和甘地的故事都是那么遥不可及，纵使头顶繁星闪烁，自己终究不过是一个两足行走的肉胎凡人而已——转变，直到Tim的出现。在一次又一次用自己二十多岁的固执世故的思维去质疑他六十岁的天真纯良的愿望之后，最终我终于理解了爱因斯坦对于甘地的描述：“后来人不会相信，这世上曾有这样一个人走过。”我相信！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;无论做什么工作，无论信仰什么宗教，无论是高官富贾还是街头乞丐，有一条原则是不变的：任何人都可以做一个好人。没有什么可以阻碍一个人做一个善良的人，从来没有，没有。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);font-size:130%;" &gt;Life is not happy, but you can live a happy life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SGWlg4nGilI/AAAAAAAAA5c/ejCG9pkbQvw/s1600-h/Team.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SGWlg4nGilI/AAAAAAAAA5c/ejCG9pkbQvw/s400/Team.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5216757727749376594" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这是我们的课题组。给我热情、真诚、宽容与关怀。感谢你们！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-03008218021462802 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-04764788906029188 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/OjOjmCVmMZ8&amp;amp;hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;毕业典礼上响起了Brightman的声音：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you say that you can't, then I shall reply,&lt;br /&gt;Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme,&lt;br /&gt;Oh, Let me know that at least you will try,&lt;br /&gt;Or you'll never be a true love of mine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Love imposes impossible tasks,&lt;br /&gt;Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme,&lt;br /&gt;But none more than any heart would ask,&lt;br /&gt;I must know you're a true love of mine.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6731947529428100701?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6731947529428100701/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6731947529428100701' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6731947529428100701'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6731947529428100701'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_28.html' title='又到一年毕业时'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/SGWlg4nGilI/AAAAAAAAA5c/ejCG9pkbQvw/s72-c/Team.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4216780373194427860</id><published>2008-06-16T06:43:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-17T05:29:36.073-07:00</updated><title type='text'>关于留学申请</title><content type='html'>下午在签证大厅站了2个小时多小时，其实就为了说一句话，好在目的达到。美帝的大门敞开了~~~&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;近来常有师弟师妹打听所谓申请“经验”，而在我看来，人与人的主客观情况差异巨大，实无太多具体经验可谈，反倒容易误导后来者。不如跟着感觉走更好。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过对于抽象的心理问题，我倒是有几条建议：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第一条是关于决定：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;前些日回清华做一个学术报告，有心急的新生问“什么时候开始申请出国合适？”我当时给了一个委婉的答复，“当你觉得自己准备好了的时候。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;清华的前身是大清国的留美预备学校，近百年来人事代谢，这条传统倒是没有丢掉，而且还在全中国发扬光大了。留学当然可以，不过为什么要出去可一定要想清楚。很多刚刚读大一的新生就开始背GRE，这实在不能算是一种正常现象。从来没有人证明过出国一定比不出国更幸福，况且读一个不知名的洋学位就可以回来招摇撞骗的围城时代已经过去了。如果真的要做科研，也许留学是一个理性的选择，不过从实际情况来看，真正坚持做科研的只是少数。倘使家境殷实，烧两个钱出去旅游一趟也未尝不可，可是很多穷小子也逼着爹妈砸锅卖铁往外跑就不值得推崇了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;诚然，人的认知能力总是很有限的，所以跟着感觉走也是无可厚非，不过人生短暂，随机徘徊是无法实现遍历的。所以除非有一个清晰的规划，否则出去恐怕也解决不了什么问题，最多是考察一下外国的月亮圆不圆而已。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果实在犹豫不决，我倒有个建议，不妨每天早上洗脸的时候对着镜子问：“魔镜魔镜，我该不该出国啊？”如果镜子不回答，就老老实实读书，不要再惦记这事了，直到有一天你听到镜子回答你：“该走了。”那时候再准备申请就行了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第二条是关于“套磁”：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;One indication of a good professor is their willingness to respond to applicants' inquiries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;这是UC Davis的GGE（生态学学生组）提供的申请指南上的一句话，可作万用灵药——凡不回信者，皆非善类，弃之不足惜——阿Q精神世界通用。所以一旦看好了那个教授，只管“妹妹你大胆地往前走”就是了。不过话又说回来，谁也没有回信的义务，如果大家都不回信，还是先检讨一下自己的Email质量为好。另外既然有时间套磁，不如多聊一点儿学术，别把自己当民工卖了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;第三条是关于诚实：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“书到用时方恨少”，这是常有的尴尬，想给自己的CV和推荐信甚至成绩单上加加花也是难免的冲动。记住，冲动是魔鬼。功利一点儿讲，这是因小失大，读书终究不过是几年的过程而已，名誉是一辈子的事情。更根本的是道德问题，道德不是拿来在纸上写给人看的，如果为一点儿蝇头小利就贱卖了道德底限，那就是贬低自己。想起《我在伊朗长大》里面外婆教训玛瓒时强调的那个词：Integrity！还是那句话，教育和文化是两回事，牺牲道德，读书又有什么意义呢？&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4216780373194427860?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4216780373194427860/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4216780373194427860' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4216780373194427860'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4216780373194427860'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_16.html' title='关于留学申请'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1583210905102468728</id><published>2008-06-07T07:01:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-07T11:03:44.220-07:00</updated><title type='text'>政治体育的又一次失算</title><content type='html'>晚上与老同学腐败，饭店的内饰很古怪，墙上挂着雅典奥运会中国代表团的奖牌榜。敏锐的M君又一次迅速从中发现话题：为什么中国的金牌比银牌铜牌都多呢？这确实是一件不大正常的现象。我们很快形成了一致意见：这是中国政治体育的畸形产物。论金牌总数是不少，但是看看内容，都是跳水举重乒乓球之类的冷僻项目，除了中国人，没有几个国家重视，这最好不过！用同时精通经济学的M君的话讲，“像足球这种运动，培养十一个人才能拿一块牌子，效率太低。”我们中国人的体育追求的就是“高效率”，老外们太傻了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;说句实话，其实我们中国一直也不是一个体育强国，现在虽然摆脱了东亚病夫的帽子，但是也仍然远远算不上“强国”。本来嘛，拿几块牌子也不是什么紧要的事，反正像奥运会这种活动就是图一乐，大伙放下刀兵一起聚会而已，跟我们吃火锅腐败性质上也差不多，只不过鸟巢那个锅尺码大一号而已。真正的体育还是咱普通老百姓在烂泥地上踢野球，在门前的河沟里扎猛子。但是也不知从什么时候起，有些人偷偷地把体育的里子塞进了政治的黑心棉。人种学家阿道夫希特勒先生就是政治体育的狂热爱好者；无产阶级革命家勃列日涅夫同志也好这一口；听说萨达姆总统的大公子也是粉丝之一，可惜英年早逝。不过没关系，有我们大中国体育总局在，这一优良传统保证能发扬光大。每一年几十万乳牙未退的童男童女投进去，十年苦练，怎么还不出几个明星。剩下的怎么办？随它去呗，搓澡也行，跑堂也罢，反正咱中国别的没有，人还是有的是的，练废几个忽略不计就行了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可惜体育总局毕竟不是上帝，红头文件也不是万能的，不能说要金牌就有金牌。比如说刚刚中国男子足球队就又一次一点儿不惊人地兵败家门口，之所以说不惊人，是因为连一向对足球一窍不通只会登珠峰的Y君都准确地预测了比赛结果。当然了，胜败乃兵家常事，咱中国早就习以为常，可是不知为何今天央视的刘建宏同志又一时激动批评起足协来了。弃国足保国奥是足协的错误吗？这怎么可能，咱们的足协绝对是伟大光荣正确的，等咱们的国奥队把金牌扛回来堵你刘建宏的嘴。其实也不用这么费劲，直接把CCTV封杀掉算了，反正也不是没有封杀过。估计明天刘建宏同志又要到足协负荆请罪去了，黄健翔的前车之鉴还不够吗?冲动是魔鬼哦。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我不知道中国的政治体育会在今年的北京唱一出怎样的大戏，会效仿六年前的韩国人吗？我不关心，反正一张票也没买，有的是正经事可做，就算回老家温习厨艺也好，总比给这出丑剧做傀儡强。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1583210905102468728?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1583210905102468728/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1583210905102468728' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1583210905102468728'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1583210905102468728'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_07.html' title='政治体育的又一次失算'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7348324956189820163</id><published>2008-06-03T04:10:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-03T05:50:52.737-07:00</updated><title type='text'>学位下线</title><content type='html'>昨天完成了学位答辩，感觉就像流水线上的罐头盒，被睡眼惺忪的女工盖上一个“合格”的印章了事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;课题组今年一共五个学生答辩，三博两硕，研究方向大相径庭，“共用”一个七人制的答辩委员会，其中一半都是头一次见面。我是最后一个，轮到开讲的时候，台下已经呵欠连天、眼皮打架了，偏巧内容又是跨学科且偏理论的。为了让各位委员能多少听得懂一点儿，不得不先用近半小时的时间做了一个科普……结果证明基本白费力气，只当是催眠曲了。末了各位委员提问，只有动物所的老师提了一个科学问题，其余的……借用一个同学的话来说，“都是编辑部该干的活。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;好的科研工作该是什么样的呢？从答辩的情况来看，最好的科研就是要勤动手、不要动脑子。如果你用两年的时间拿一把皮尺把实验室里每一件设备的尺寸都丈量一万次，最后给出一本半斤重的测量报告，那一准是优秀论文无疑了。这就是咱们的科研导向。如果你敢问他们：“自然选择和性选择有什么区别？”一准有一大半专家翻白眼，这一大半中还得有一大半不屑地说：“有什么用？”这就是咱们的生态学现状。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;最近在所里总是有人问我，“听说你要出去了，读什么学位啊？”真是一个让人费解的问题，硕士毕业了还能读什么？后来才搞清楚，敢情好多人都担心中国的学位老外不承认……答辩会下来，终于明白他们为什么要担心了。怪不得那么多人都一遍又一遍、一年又一年地埋头于GRE。莫非这样的学术态度落到外国的土地上就能结出大红果子来？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;奉劝后来人：这年头物价越来越高，像学位这样能够逆势下行的东西也不多了。如果不是真的喜欢做科学——我说的是真的科学——还是别往这扇小门里边挤为好。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7348324956189820163?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7348324956189820163/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7348324956189820163' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7348324956189820163'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7348324956189820163'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post.html' title='学位下线'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2753812020924913726</id><published>2008-05-31T06:25:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-31T06:29:01.344-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Education to Protect Humanity</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/320/5880/1133"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; 30 May 2008:&lt;br /&gt;Vol. 320. no. 5880, p. 1133&lt;br /&gt;DOI: 10.1126/science.1160201&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Editorial&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;by David Hamburg&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left;"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol320/issue5880/images/small/1133-1-thumb.gif" alt="Figure 1" /&gt; &lt;/div&gt; After millennia of mass exterminations, genocides such as those in Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur continue to plague the world. Given today's ready access to lethal weapons and technology-assisted incitements to hatred, the plague is poised to spread. How can we reverse this potential for malignant growth?&lt;p&gt; For decades, biological and behavioral sciences have explored factors in human conflict. But explicit focus on the prevention of mass violence, especially genocide, has lagged behind until recently. A finding of practical significance is that genocide-prone behavior can be foreseen years in advance, and this period of time could be used for prevention by applying pertinent knowledge and skills, mostly of recent origin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right;"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol320/issue5880/images/small/1133-2-thumb.gif" alt="Figure 2" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;CREDIT: GETTY IMAGES&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; Studies by international collaborators, mainly social scientists and policy analysts in universities, the United Nations, and several commissions, clarify what various organizations and institutions can do to build "pillars of prevention" that can greatly reduce the risk of genocide and other mass violence. These pillars include preventive diplomacy (such as efforts by former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to resolve conflict in Kenya) and long-term measures, especially democratic governance, equitable socioeconomic development, and constraints on weaponry.&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/320/5880/1133#FN1"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt; The pillar of education is vital in this context. Educating societies about hatred and violence is an old story in human history. But there is a better way. For example, decades of research on intergroup contact show how age-appropriate education can help people to live together harmoniously, even across previously adversarial barriers. Such intergroup contact is most effective when imbedded in shared, mutually rewarding activities that are supported by relevant authorities with a mutual aid ethic and seen as a source of benefits for all--so-called superordinate goals. Such goals may enhance intergroup relations within a school or community but also help substantially in preventing mass violence. There is no more vivid example than the recognition by the United States and the Soviet Union that avoiding nuclear war was a superordinate goal that could only be achieved by cooperation. Could global problems of food, water, health, and climate be made superordinate goals for unfriendly groups or states to tackle cooperatively?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Just as lifelong learning in mathematics, science, and technology is essential for the success of a modern economy, so too the teaching of pro-social behavior across the life-span can help to prevent immense destruction. This involves explicit information and hands-on experience with conflict resolution, violence prevention, mutual accommodation between groups, and conditions conducive to peaceful living. Evaluations of programs that emphasize pro-social behavior have identified methods that effectively teach children in these areas. Both science education and peace education require periodic updating and reinforcement on a long-term basis, and curriculum reforms cannot afford to neglect the latter as a vital component of modern education.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Schools, universities, academies, and international organizations can work together to develop and disseminate curricular material to overcome ethnocentrism, prejudice, and predisposition to violent pseudo-solutions. Good examples of such collaboration are the InterAcademy Panel and InterAcademy Council. These multinational organizations of science academies were created to mobilize the scientific community on a worldwide basis to address global needs and opportunities by advising national governments and international bodies, including the United Nations and the World Bank. It is vital to understand throughout the world the nature of human diversity and the fact of our common humanity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; These efforts are highly interdisciplinary and international, linking research with policy. They require international centers of knowledge and skill in prevention to identify warning signals and prepare appropriate responses well before a genocide begins. Such centers are now getting under way in the United Nations and the European Union, and they must be maintained.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2753812020924913726?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2753812020924913726/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2753812020924913726' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2753812020924913726'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2753812020924913726'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/education-to-protect-humanity.html' title='Education to Protect Humanity'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1786553050945597032</id><published>2008-05-29T06:49:00.007-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-29T22:35:54.982-07:00</updated><title type='text'>智力与智慧</title><content type='html'>人究竟是越老越糊涂还是越老越聪明？这是一个永远辩不清的问题。辩不清的原因在于，对“聪明”的理解大不相同。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一般来说，年长的人总是不如年轻人学习能力强，婴幼儿学东西是最快的，这是生存的需要，进化的必然结果。相应地，老人的记忆力也大大地逊色，拿东忘西是家常便饭，所以有“老糊涂”一说。但是老人也有老人的强项，一个复杂的问题，年轻人可能感到千头万绪无从下手，老人却往往举重若轻一语中的，所以政治家往往都是老头子，这不仅仅是一个资历问题。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Harvard的Shelley Carson的实验恰好说明了这一问题：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/health/research/20brai.html?em&amp;amp;ex=1212206400&amp;amp;en=1ad1d65d622cbde5&amp;amp;ei=5087%0A"&gt;Memory Older Brain Really May Be a Wiser Brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/05/19/science/20brain-600.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/05/19/science/20brain-600.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;就像这种图上显示的信息一样，年轻人更擅长专注于一件事情，而老人更习惯兼顾全局。所以用同一标准来比较两者之间的差异并不合理。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对于老人的这种优势，密歇根大学的Jacqui Smith给了一个简洁的定义：Wisdom，即智慧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这让我想起一年前的一场讨论。Wei说，在美国，Smart的学生都去当律师了；Tim说，是的，不过很多wise的人都留下来当教授了。就像古董的D&amp;amp;D游戏里人物都有Intellegence和Wisdom两项属性，智力是一回事，智慧又是一回事。而且随着年龄的增长，似乎两者之间又有可能发生转化。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大学里曾有一段时间让我感到十分沮丧，因为真切地感到自己的记忆力在减退，中学时代博闻强记的本事一去不返。而后才渐渐发觉逻辑能力在偷偷地取而代之。如今又是几年过去，记忆力和注意力更是未老先衰之态，但愿不要阿尔茨海默就好。不过幸好理解力倒是继续日复一日精进。此消彼长，有得有失，倒也公道。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;早年有人想用“智商”把人分成三六九等，教育上搞出些尖子班少年班之类，最终不过拔出些仲永。后来又开始鼓吹“情商”，这概念本身倒是有些意义的，可惜还是难逃实用主义的改造。随之而来的素质教育风潮更把这种实用主义进一步推向了极致，好像琴棋书画就等同于高素质。于是折腾来折腾去，没见到国人的整体智慧水平有怎样的提高，倒是发现随口骂娘的孩子越来越多了。其实“智商”也好，“情商”也罢，总之智慧不是上一个辅导培训班就能从土里拔出来的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;读了差不多二十年的书，才渐渐悟到，最高的智慧原是道德。道德崇高之人才是真正有大智慧者。而道德是修炼出来的，人人皆可得之，但又非有决心与爱心者不可得。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1786553050945597032?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1786553050945597032/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1786553050945597032' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1786553050945597032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1786553050945597032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_29.html' title='智力与智慧'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-9113887803416092570</id><published>2008-05-24T05:47:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-24T06:20:22.209-07:00</updated><title type='text'>台湾民主的成长</title><content type='html'>连日来忙于准备论文，仿佛这世界除了写字台就是四川灾区。今天偷闲在飞之鸿那里看到马英九的就职演讲文稿，才恍然想起5.20已过。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;早些时候我并不看好马英九的当选，因为看到他应对敌手人身攻击时木讷反应，担心他不能适应台湾政治的恶斗。现在来看，我并没有看错马英九，但是却低估了台湾民众的政治觉悟。从五年前的“枪击门”到红衫军的静坐斗争再到民进党的惨败，马英九说“跟很多年轻的民主国家相比，我们民主成长的阵痛期并不算长”，确实如此。民众不再被拙劣的竞选把戏所戏弄，台湾人觉悟得很快，台湾的民主成长得很快。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;每提起“民主”这个敏感字眼，身边总有进步人士感慨道：“中国不适合民主制度。”紧接着，台湾总是被拿来当作那个可怜的反面典型。然而他们却未能看到台湾民主的成长。我们不能因为看到一个学步的孩子摔倒就断言人类不适合两足行走，否则我们现在一定还坐在树上捉虱子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;在马英九的演讲稿中，我看到了一个由民众所领导的政府，而不是被伟大光荣正确的政党所领导的民众。所以我有理由对台湾民主的未来保持乐观的期待，对中国民主的未来保持乐观的期待。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-9113887803416092570?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/9113887803416092570/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=9113887803416092570' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/9113887803416092570'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/9113887803416092570'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_24.html' title='台湾民主的成长'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5046157444012296544</id><published>2008-05-16T22:34:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-16T23:12:01.423-07:00</updated><title type='text'>志愿者请慎行</title><content type='html'>蜀中一震，华夏皆惊。五洲之内纷纷动员，捐款捐物、献血献策之外，更有远方热血青年跃跃欲试，召集志愿者欲赴前线，心情与勇气大为可嘉，然行动还需三思。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一来震区缺粮少水，疫情随时可能爆发，且道路艰险，只恐都市贵族援助不成反成累赘。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;二来前方所缺乃特种技术人员，搜救、医疗、工程技师方有用武之地。时间紧任务重，非热情二字所能化解。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;故若无周密计划或一技之长，且在家中安坐以确保脆弱的运输线畅通，也算是功劳一件。如有爱心，不如待险情平定之后投之于灾后重建。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5046157444012296544?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5046157444012296544/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5046157444012296544' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5046157444012296544'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5046157444012296544'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_17.html' title='志愿者请慎行'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5763784729286545223</id><published>2008-05-15T02:09:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-15T02:47:28.758-07:00</updated><title type='text'>救灾拒绝借口</title><content type='html'>一下飞机，第一件事情就是打听救灾捐款的便捷渠道。救人如救火，想想如果是自己被压在瓦砾之下的感觉，还有什么可犹豫呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;然而不论到了怎样的危急时刻，“理性”者终归还是很理性的，并且总还要站出来显示自己的理性。冷静是不错的，但冷静从来不是熄灭热情的借口。地方政府可能是腐败的，建筑可能是豆腐渣的，采血站可能是黑心的，NGO可能是靠不住的，CCTV可能是掩人耳目的……但现在不是讨论这些问题的时候，此刻，只有人的生命是最宝贵的。如果我的捐助中能够有一分钱被用来挽救人的生命，那么全部的付出就是值得的。如温家宝总理所言：“只要有一分的希望，我们就要付出百倍的努力。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这个世界从来就不是完美的，我们并不能因其丑陋而放弃生活的希望。因噎废食并不值得炫耀，而是莫大的愚蠢。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5763784729286545223?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5763784729286545223/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5763784729286545223' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5763784729286545223'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5763784729286545223'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_9759.html' title='救灾拒绝借口'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1824539421383731862</id><published>2008-05-15T00:50:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-15T01:37:08.935-07:00</updated><title type='text'>祈祷，为我的朋友们</title><content type='html'>在昆明开会，突然接到北京的朋友打来的电话，才得知汶川的消息……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;动身离开北京的前夜，刚刚与刘伟和茂宁畅谈今夏在卧龙的工作计划。不想此刻，我只能默默祈祷他们的平安。山坡上那一座座片石垒砌的农舍，堂屋里一张张淳朴热情的笑脸，我们还能再见吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;都江堰-映秀的道路尚未打通，偏远村镇的救援更是遥遥无期。不停地拨打一个个电话，依旧是杳无音信的回音……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;72小时就这样悄悄流过，我只有为你们祈祷，一遍又一遍。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1824539421383731862?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1824539421383731862/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1824539421383731862' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1824539421383731862'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1824539421383731862'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_15.html' title='祈祷，为我的朋友们'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-165859293646402255</id><published>2008-05-09T19:48:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-09T20:02:19.445-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Genial Gene</title><content type='html'>Fedex送来未来老板的尚未正式出版的新书稿：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Genial Gene: Deconstructing Darwinian Selfishness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;显然，从书名就可以判断这是针对Dawkins的&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Selfish Gene&lt;/span&gt;而来的。内容上其实可以算是&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Evolution's Rainbow&lt;/span&gt;的专业加强版。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;正好在去昆明的38小时火车上打发时间。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-165859293646402255?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/165859293646402255/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=165859293646402255' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/165859293646402255'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/165859293646402255'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/genial-gene.html' title='The Genial Gene'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-4723195958762455133</id><published>2008-05-07T17:44:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-07T17:56:41.925-07:00</updated><title type='text'>加油，东东</title><content type='html'>今天一早，俺老爹从家里打电话通知我看电视，原来你正在冲顶珠峰。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我要亲眼目送同住四年的兄弟实现梦想。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;加油，东东！&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-4723195958762455133?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/4723195958762455133/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=4723195958762455133' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4723195958762455133'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/4723195958762455133'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_08.html' title='加油，东东'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7959610882710020648</id><published>2008-05-01T03:41:00.006-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-01T05:16:24.252-07:00</updated><title type='text'>尼泊尔物语</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://inmotion.magnumphotos.com/essay/nepal"&gt;Maoist Rebellion - 2006 Revolution - Fragile Peace&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By Jonas Bendiksen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://inmotion.magnumphotos.com/essay/nepal"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.magnumphotos.com/CoreXDoc/MAG/Media/TR3/F/W/C/L/LON81265.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7959610882710020648?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7959610882710020648/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7959610882710020648' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7959610882710020648'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7959610882710020648'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post.html' title='尼泊尔物语'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6307581066804277407</id><published>2008-04-19T09:35:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-19T09:47:06.316-07:00</updated><title type='text'>An address with great wisdom</title><content type='html'>&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-008464201393161741 visible" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/zrp-v2tHaDo&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 15px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-008464201393161741 visible" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/zrp-v2tHaDo&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/zrp-v2tHaDo&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zrp-v2tHaDo&amp;amp;hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Obama gave the address at Philadelphia, March 18. Tim talked of it several times and praised it as talking at a higher level. After listening to him by myself, I found that it is the best political speech I have ever heard. And we need wisdom at the same level to build a "more perfect China".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6307581066804277407?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6307581066804277407/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6307581066804277407' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6307581066804277407'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6307581066804277407'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/04/address-with-great-wisdom.html' title='An address with great wisdom'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2667869217287197583</id><published>2008-04-19T03:28:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-19T04:48:11.358-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Anti-fake-news, yes; boycott Carrefour, no!</title><content type='html'>Recently, some youngsters have been very active in the name of patriotism, from anti-CNN to the boycott of Carrefour. However, it is necessary to point out the distinction between them, or more precisely, between punishment for public goods and retaliation for self-interest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I support anti-CNN for the reason that any media who claimed to report truth, nothing but truth, should never break the rule. Those who are producing fake news are not only irresponsible for the abused victims, but also demolishing the trustworthiness of media. As de Tocqueville remarked, the newspaper is a critical part of a large-size democratic society. But now, it is so disappointing and upsetting to hear that "in such situations, no one can trust any news anymore" (A German researcher told me in email). Please note that it is not only the western media are to be blamed, but a number of Chinese media are doing nothing better. Hence, if any positive international respondence is expected, anti-CNN should go beyond the limit of patriotism, with the new name anti-fake-news rather than anti-CNN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the contrary, I could see nothing but retaliation in the boycott of Carrefour and what can be expected as reciprocation in the long run is probably also retaliation. That means the boycott can only get things worse and worse. Please remember: Liberty, equality and fraternity are justified values for human society, but patriotism is not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fortunately, the situation is not so terrible as it seems on the internet. I did some shopping in Carrefour on purpose and found nothing unusual. It is perhaps because the patriots are used to being much more active on the virtual web than in the real life. That's good news.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2667869217287197583?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2667869217287197583/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2667869217287197583' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2667869217287197583'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2667869217287197583'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/04/anti-fake-news-yes-boycott-carrefour-no.html' title='Anti-fake-news, yes; boycott Carrefour, no!'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8985780023329401902</id><published>2008-04-16T05:30:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-16T07:24:32.879-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Winners don't punish</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote class="templatequote"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;You have heard that it was said, '&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_eye_for_an_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="An eye for an eye"&gt;An eye for an eye&lt;/a&gt;, and a tooth for a tooth.' But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if someone wants to sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well. If someone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="templatequotecite"&gt;—&lt;cite&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew"&gt;Matthew&lt;/a&gt; 5:38-42, NIV&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;周末在礼堂看了《甘地传》，三个小时的片子，稀稀拉拉十几个人，看完了呆坐在椅子上好半天。脑子里一个问题在回响：“Winners don't punish, but why?”&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7185/pdf/nature06723.pdf"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Winners don't punish&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这是上个月Nowak小组发表在&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Nature&lt;/span&gt;上一篇文章。我认为此文的结论有些问题，这是后话且不谈。本文的关键亮点在于首次将报复与反报复的机制放置于实验当中，结果确实很震撼。Milinski在同期发表的评论中将Gandhi作为一个典型的例子，我认为这个例子极好。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;作恶之人有何惩罚不得？Gandhi有一句名言：“An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind."我想它就是来自于《马太福音》中的那一段话，虽然他是一个印度教信徒。这世上真正的执意作恶之人并不多，所犯错事多半属无意之举或是不得已而为之，对此类行为如缺乏宽容之心而严加处罚，往往会触发报复心理并使之蒙蔽心智。世间之绵绵战乱纷争大多起于此，如家族之世仇、民族之矛盾、国家之冲突、宗教之纠葛。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人作恶，却惩罚不得，该当如何是好？耶稣说：转过另一边的脸给他打。这很愚蠢吗？不，至少在某些情况下，这样做很聪明。因为人类，至少是绝大多数人，并不是纯粹自私的经济动物，他们有这样一种奇怪的生理和心理反应，叫做“感动”，所以亚当斯密才要同时写两本书：《国富论》和《道德情操论》。无论是乞丐还是君王，发觉自己做了亏心事以后都不免“内疚”，这乃是人之常情。转过脸去给他打，正是为了唤起对方的愧疚，至少是尴尬。而若从耶稣那里算起，人们明白这个道理也至少有两千年了。不知道其他动物是否也有类似的感动现象，如果没有，那么人类的这种本能又是如何进化得来的呢？这是一个值得研究的问题。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当然，书本上的道理和实践中的运用是两回事情，不然的话，孔夫子当年也就不必四处流落了。感化往往需要一个渐进的过程，有时候要付出不菲的代价，所以人们本能地更倾向于简单粗暴的方法。而如果一个人能够始终如一坚持原则而控制自己的情绪，那么这个人大概就可算圣人了（比如耶稣、孔子和甘地）。如果想要暂时的太平，则尽可以倚重残酷严苛的法律，将违法乱纪者一律关押、流放甚至处死，从汉代的文景之治到现代的新加坡大概都是如此。但如果想要一个真正的和谐社会，感化就要比惩罚有效得多，动辄叫嚣武力威胁或是给人扣上一个反党叛国、阴谋破坏之类的大帽子，逞一时口舌之快，都无益于问题的解决，反而只能加深误解与敌意。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可惜，圣人太少，而我们都是无可救药的近视眼。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8985780023329401902?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8985780023329401902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8985780023329401902' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8985780023329401902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8985780023329401902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/04/winners-dont-punish.html' title='Winners don&apos;t punish'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7181972027423123709</id><published>2008-04-16T04:45:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-16T05:19:06.764-07:00</updated><title type='text'>周末去趟家乐福</title><content type='html'>我这人向来害怕逛市场，因为不会讨价还价，也特别不喜欢砍价的感觉。也不喜欢百货商店，因为总是被一脸阶级斗争的售货员紧盯着，坐牢一样浑身不自在。幸而后来有了Supermarket名曰“超市”这新鲜事物，满货架的东西随便往篮子里扔好像不用付钱，确实爽快，也难怪这外来种迅速在神州大地上生根发芽遍地开花。唯一的缺点是，人太多了，摩肩接踵，没办法，谁让咱中国人这么多呢。也好，不去购物，正好省钱，两件衬衫穿7年，雅戈尔的质量还真是不赖。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;午饭时突然听闻有人在呼吁抵制家乐福，且声势浩大。大喜过望，速取现钞若干，准备周末前去购置换季衣物。理由甚明显：众人抵制，商家估计会有降价促销，且人流疏于平日，正是购物好时机。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;你有抵制的自由，我有购物的权利。家乐福犯了什么错事我不知晓，只知道店里的员工与我一样，也都是中国人，也都要养家糊口。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一条建议：有站街抗议的时间不如去乡下走走，看看到底什么才是中国。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7181972027423123709?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7181972027423123709/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7181972027423123709' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7181972027423123709'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7181972027423123709'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/04/blog-post_16.html' title='周末去趟家乐福'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5271180217859146892</id><published>2008-04-14T05:33:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-14T06:30:42.116-07:00</updated><title type='text'>火炬与愤青</title><content type='html'>从山区回到北京，方才听说奥运火炬传递的事情，中间自然少不了关于英法等帝国主义坏分子妄图搞破坏的大段义愤填膺的描述。俗话说“闲事莫管，吃饭三碗”，我只当一乐。后来偶然上网一瞧，好家伙，官方与非官方国内媒体上的谴责抗议之声简直是铺天盖地，其势比当年我驻前南联盟使馆被炸之后的情状也不逊色几分。仿佛倒是物价上涨和股市大跌之类都成了别人家无关痛痒之事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;无关痛痒？没错，看来对一些人来说好像确实是无关痛痒。比如在路上的时候谈起中国的就医难，就有位博士站出来反对：以她的个人经验，中国人就医一点儿不难……！怪不得有人为火炬那点儿鸡毛蒜皮成天大呼小叫，敢情确实有人是吃饱了撑的没事干，而且还以为别人也一样天天吃饱了撑得难受。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这就是接受过良好思想教育的即将成为中国脊梁的忠诚勇敢立场坚定的80后一代。举个例子，我党数十年如一日地在大小媒体上连篇累牍地抨击西方“人权高于主权”的错误价值观，于是在两个T开头的问题上，我们的政府至始至终得到了广大人民群众特别是年轻知识分子的一致拥护。不知有谁曾经真正认真地思考过：到底啥是人权，啥是主权，这俩玩意儿之间又是啥关系；更简单地说，我们要主权到底是为了啥？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;等到上有老下有小的时候自然就会明白了，“可怜白发生”！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;下边推荐一篇长期潜伏于我国内部的美国特务在《纽约时报》上的恶毒言论以供批驳：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/opinion/13forney.html?em&amp;amp;ex=1208318400&amp;amp;en=45f3cfe648f924cb&amp;amp;ei=5087%0A"&gt; China’s Loyal Youth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;By MATTHEW FORNEY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MANY sympathetic Westerners view Chinese society along the lines of what they saw in the waning days of the Soviet Union: a repressive government backed by old hard-liners losing its grip to a new generation of well-educated, liberal-leaning sophisticates. As pleasant as this outlook may be, it’s naïve. Educated young Chinese, far from being embarrassed or upset by their government’s human-rights record, rank among the most patriotic, establishment-supporting people you’ll meet...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5271180217859146892?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5271180217859146892/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5271180217859146892' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5271180217859146892'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5271180217859146892'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/04/blog-post_14.html' title='火炬与愤青'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8634915033095944609</id><published>2008-04-08T06:21:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-08T06:55:05.252-07:00</updated><title type='text'>三人行，必有我师</title><content type='html'>此番出差的辛苦工作终于结束，临返程那天正赶上Tim先生的生日，我送了一盏中式的小宫灯，灯笼壁上写的是“三人行必有我师……”。这也正是我们组织的一系列研讨的核心思路之一，即个人的认识总是有限的，孔圣人也不例外，而世界是复杂而变化莫测的，所以自上而下的管理模式从长远来看是行不通的，大家需要相互学习与合作。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这是一条随时随地可以验证的道理——&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从机场回宿舍的路上，不知为何，出租车司机开始和我聊起宗教，他教给我一句：“在家敬父母，不必远烧香。”令我感到茅塞顿开。正如Tim所讲，每个人的眼睛里都有精彩的故事。所以我宁愿走得慢一点儿，也好多听几个故事。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/R_t453oUQPI/AAAAAAAAAxU/Ds3QHxUPapg/s1600-h/P1010189.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/R_t453oUQPI/AAAAAAAAAxU/Ds3QHxUPapg/s400/P1010189.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5186872331428184306" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8634915033095944609?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8634915033095944609/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8634915033095944609' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8634915033095944609'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8634915033095944609'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/04/blog-post.html' title='三人行，必有我师'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/R_t453oUQPI/AAAAAAAAAxU/Ds3QHxUPapg/s72-c/P1010189.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5864467304309753193</id><published>2008-03-21T05:55:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-21T07:31:39.837-07:00</updated><title type='text'>要坚强，要坚强——Roseven</title><content type='html'>今天早上路过林大的时候，找到一台ATM转了100块钱到Roseven的帐上。这是一个在水木社区的joke版上小有名气的ID，ID背后的高人未曾谋面，只看过一些他创作的joke（&lt;a href="http://www.newsmth.net/bbscon.php?bid=911&amp;amp;id=11747&amp;amp;ftype=11"&gt;专集请看这里&lt;/a&gt;），一笑而过，不曾在意。后来，听说他病了，需要骨髓移植。BBS上有网友牵头捐款，今天终于及时想起来（&lt;a href="http://www.newsmth.net/bbscon.php?bid=911&amp;amp;id=11748&amp;amp;ftype=11"&gt;捐款事宜请看这里&lt;/a&gt;）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;老天爷确实是不公平的，但是我们希望并且也许能够让世界变得更公平一点儿。我这一点杯水车薪的钱不是出于怜悯，我也没资格怜悯别人，只是感谢Roseven曾经带来的幽默，算是一点儿回报吧。前两天Elinor Ostrom老太太给我写了封Email，吓我一大跳，这里就借她老人家一本书的名字，我相信这个世界是靠“Trust and Reciprocity”维持的。&lt;br /&gt;            &lt;br /&gt;其实我真正记得的唯一一个Roseven原创的Joke，是这个不像Joke的Joke。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;                要坚强，要坚强&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;好久没有哭过了，记得就七月份刚住院的时候哭过一两次，居然这么坚强，真是太为难自己了，作为奖励，今天来哭一场，发泄一下？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   脑袋里面的血管又突突突的跳，不知道为什么。不过每逢身体变差，差到要去住院的时候，就有这根血管来提醒。翻来覆去就听到这根血管跳动的声音，怎么也睡不着，想着大过年的还要跑去医院呆着，蒙着被子就号起来了。结果就是父母都惊动了起来，然后一家人抱头痛哭。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   最可怜的就是父母，别人家父母都到了享福的年纪。我家父母受苦一辈子，到老来还受更大的苦。我到时候倒是两腿一蹬两眼一闭就走人了，把父母的养老金都花光了，到时候父母怎么办？这是第一伤心的事情。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   其次操蛋的就是这医疗水平。咱飞船都要到月球了，这到骨髓的药还没有。病情简单纯粹得让人没有一点盼头，大哥，你说你给我判个无期也行呀，动不动 就给人判死刑，完全不管人家受得了受不了。干脆一刀捅死我算了，好么？净推荐什么几万块钱的外国药，还治不了你的病，顶多让你死得舒服点，要不就是输血， 可是输血也是个治标不治本的法子。好吧好吧好吧，就算我明天要去输血吧，可是明天还是星期天，还得等到星期一大家都上班。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   哭到伤心处，想给女朋友打个电话，寻找一点慰藉。拿起电话，一想起天各一方，得，更加伤心了。这电话打还是不打好呢？打吧，人家现在在睡觉，再说 了女生又比较软弱，本来好好的，没事我干嘛告诉她坏消息，惹她伤心？你说不打吧，我这心中苦闷朝谁倾诉，这时候本来最念记的就是女朋友，不打给女朋友打给 谁？被窝里面哭了几场，挣扎了几个来回总算决定打电话。干，结果现在是半夜，她关机了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   莫名其妙想起个烂笑话，大概我是钱德勒每当我不自在我莫名其妙的就开始讲烂笑话。话说有个孩子哇哇大哭，他老爸在一旁不紧不慢的就念叨：坚强点， 俊翔，坚强点，俊翔。旁人听到了就赞叹呀，说你这老爸还真有耐心呀，对了，你家俊翔长得好可爱哦！孩子爹说：我家孩子叫彦太，我才叫俊翔！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;好人一生平安——就算不平安，也要努力做个好人。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5864467304309753193?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5864467304309753193/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5864467304309753193' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5864467304309753193'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5864467304309753193'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/03/roseven.html' title='要坚强，要坚强——Roseven'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2574719119287825313</id><published>2008-03-17T04:24:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-17T05:15:34.896-07:00</updated><title type='text'>家族与教育</title><content type='html'>周末一大早搭火车去秦皇岛给姑奶祝寿，也许是已经多年未见的缘故，竟把我这晚辈待若上宾，实在是受宠若惊颇有几分尴尬。后来才渐渐发觉，也许是学历在其中作怪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;读书本来是个人的事情，然而在中国却有“书香门第”这样一个词汇，所以就传统文化来说，读书是家族的大事。这几年到全国各地旅行，发现这确是一个普遍现象，但凡历史上门庭显赫的家族，无不是“举族供养一人读书应试，一人高中出仕荫泽宗族”的模式。想来倒也合情合理，毕竟小农经济时代，一个青壮劳力不下地务农而十年寒窗，又十年或数十年科举应考，资本投入实在不是一个普通家庭所能担负，但学而优则仕又偏偏是封建时代唯一可以改变家族命运的正途，因而家族集体投资模式作为群体进化的产物出现也就是顺理成章的事情了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;时过境迁，教育渐渐普及，学历已不再像以往那般值钱，顶着博士帽的失业流民也不罕见。不过人们的传统观念却很难转变，除了东南沿海的少数私营经济发达地区之外，绝大多数人依然把读书取仕当作是光宗耀祖的大事。大概正是如此，所以我才会受到格外的优待。殊不知就算我从斯坦福把经取回来也不过能在象牙塔里某一教职，每月领几斗米的微薄薪水而已，实在愧对厚望。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从另一角度来看，也许正是家族对教育的一贯重视才促进了教育在中国的快速普及。即便在偏远而贫敝的山村，人们也普遍认为读书是大事，尽管从经济上来讲可能并不划算。当然，这一传统对女童并不公平，好在如今这种教育权利上的性别歧视已经不再多见。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;现如今，家族与教育之间的关系似乎变成了一条单向的纽带，老人们依旧对后生们寄予厚望，而经济自立的年轻人则迫切期待甩掉家族的包袱去争取个人的自由。所以可以预见，作为文化断层的阵痛，“白眼狼”一定是不会少的。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2574719119287825313?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2574719119287825313/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2574719119287825313' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2574719119287825313'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2574719119287825313'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/03/blog-post_17.html' title='家族与教育'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3735580195819490815</id><published>2008-03-07T22:48:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-03-07T23:10:11.860-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Antisocial Punishment Across Societies</title><content type='html'>There is a very interesting and surprising research article on the latest issue of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Science&lt;/span&gt;. The behaviors of antisocial punishment, which were rarely considered in studies, were recorded in the public goods games. Are they related with the economical and political background of the different societies. The results said yes. And Herbert Gintis gave a concise perspective.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; 7 March 2008:&lt;br /&gt;Vol. 319. no. 5868, pp. 1345 - 1346&lt;br /&gt;DOI: 10.1126/science.1155333&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Research Articles&lt;/h2&gt;                                                         &lt;!-- BEGIN: legacy HTML content --&gt;                                                                                 &lt;!--RESUMEHIGHLIGHT--&gt;                                                 &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5868/1345"&gt; Antisocial Punishment Across Societies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;strong&gt; &lt;nobr&gt;Benedikt Herrmann,&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;nobr&gt; Christian Thöni,&lt;/nobr&gt; &lt;nobr&gt;Simon Gächter&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;  &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  We document the widespread existence of antisocial punishment,&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;that is, the sanctioning of people who behave prosocially. Our&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;evidence comes from public goods experiments that we conducted&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;in 16 comparable participant pools around the world. However,&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;there is a huge cross-societal variation. Some participant pools&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;punished the high contributors as much as they punished the&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;low contributors, whereas in others people only punished low&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;contributors. In some participant pools, antisocial punishment&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;was strong enough to remove the cooperation-enhancing effect&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;of punishment. We also show that weak norms of civic cooperation&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;and the weakness of the rule of law in a country are significant&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;predictors of antisocial punishment. Our results show that punishment&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;opportunities are socially beneficial only if complemented by&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;strong social norms of cooperation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Gintis, he summarized,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;"Herrmann &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;. collected data in 15 countries with widely varying levels of economic development. The subjects were university students in all societies. The authors found that antisocial punishment was rare in the most democratic societies and very common otherwise. Indexed to the World Democracy Audit (WDA) evaluation of countries' performance in political rights, civil liberties, press freedom, and corruption, the top six performers among the countries studied were also in the lowest seven for antisocial punishment. These were the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Australia, and Switzerland. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;The seventh country in the low antisocial punishment group was China, currently among the fastest-growing market economies in the world.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The countries with a high level of antisocial punishment and a low score on the WDA evaluation included Oman, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, and Belarus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The most likely explanation is that in more traditional societies, the experimental setup represents a clash of cultures. On the one hand, high payoffs in the experiment require the modern ethic of cooperation with unrelated strangers, so subjects who are reprimanded for low contribution are likely to respond with feelings of guilt and a resolve to be more cooperative in the future. In a more traditional society, many players may hold to the ethic of altruism and sacrifice on behalf on one's family and friends, with indifference toward unrelated strangers. When punished, such subjects are likely to respond with anger rather than guilt. Punishing the high contributors is thus a means of asserting one's personal values, which take precedence over maximizing one's payoff in the game."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does China's fast-growing market economy predict more and more prosocial civilians? I am not so sure...&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3735580195819490815?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3735580195819490815/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3735580195819490815' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3735580195819490815'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3735580195819490815'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/03/antisocial-punishment-across-societies.html' title='Antisocial Punishment Across Societies'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6010470877846259409</id><published>2008-03-07T21:17:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2008-03-07T22:31:41.636-08:00</updated><title type='text'>再说“选择”</title><content type='html'>申请的结果下来了，又到需要做选择的时候，且正赶上疱疹发作，夜里隐隐作痛，烙饼一样翻来覆去，脑子里也是乱糟糟一团。不知何故，忽然想起5年前在系bbs上发的一片短文，虽然ID早已成枯骨，文章却还安安稳稳地在服务器上一个深深的角落里躺着。似乎当年冥冥中就知晓自己将来有一天要把它挖出来，今天实现了预言，不，应该叫诺言。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;选择&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;夜，辗转反侧，久不能寐，只因门外嘈杂之声。听而辨之，正论"马经"得分之差别！呜呼，尔等为此鸡毛蒜皮喋喋不休，竟扰得四邻不安，甚为可恼！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当夜，做得一梦，梦境中吾复得参加高考，好不紧张，醒来竟浑身是汗。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;次日，"闲来无事"，游走于图书馆，觅得一宝--名曰：The Origins of Order,甚喜。翻开首页，一行字横矛立马于当阳桥头&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--What are the sources of the overwhelming and beautiful order which graces the living world?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--老天！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;莫非老天爷一定要我想起我刚刚送走的兄弟？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;为了保持我的硬汉形象，我这一次本不打算多愁善感的滥觞，可是事已至此，箭在弦上，不可不发。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;虽说是"铁打的营盘，流水的兵"，但the individuals毕竟各不相同，至少在俺眼里，D的离开有着与众不同的影响--He left, leaving a pile of questions：这里适合我吗？我所作出的选择有多少是出于本心呢？我的未来在理想与现实之间该如何选择呢？我是不是应该像个战士那样活着？……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;到底是哪里出了问题？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我不喜欢生物吗？不，绝不，不知别人怎样，我这辈子看的（其实开始主要是祖母念给我听的）第一本书是《喧闹的海洋》，一本描写海洋生物的童话故事集（可不是小人书哦，现在不知还有没有这么好的儿童读物了，尽管其实不太合适作为启蒙读物），其中许多故事仍然鲜活……不能再回忆了，我快流泪了。现在想来，如果当初看的是《大众菜谱》，可能我现在已经是个厨子了。反正我从小就对野生动物着迷的不得了，只可惜当时胆子小，不然可能也和Wilson有一拼了。可是，可是，清华的生物系是研究生物的吗？我的梦想是开着吉普车在苏丹大草原上考察野生动物，或者，去考察海洋生物也行，再不行就去荒山上种树，都干不成的话，就去接赵忠祥老师的班，可现在，这叫怎么回事啊？如果要我说，甭叫生物科学与技术系了，干脆改叫"还原论实验基地"。可惜我说话不如Z副院长管用，所以只好改求自身转变，然而，现实的问题要严重得多，似乎没有多少人真正在意"生物"，更重要的是分数、paper，the dream is the Nobel Prize，而思想也在这样的过程中禁锢，而后僵化，以至于系内几乎是唯一的"宏观"生物学副教授长年远赴东瀛，而我也经常不知道自己究竟在干什么，或许缪勒那句名言用在清华正合适："这一百年没有达尔文也是一样。"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可悲的是，我发现自己在弱冠之年就已学会了委曲求全，似乎我也一直在为那张毕业证而卖命，直到和D住进了315，事情终于有了转机。这是我所见过的最接近学者的人，至少现在我开始用自己的脑袋想问题了，而兄弟他走了，而且是由于这样的原因--心照不宣也罢，至少使我对这里产生怀疑，我也相信终有一天清华会为失去他而惋惜，虽然这决不是他本人和我所期望的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不客气地说，他是我入校以来第四位令我肃然起敬的老师，前三位是H、W和Q（竟然全是选修课），而我学到最后的一点儿东西是--勇气。或许我永远也不可能像他那样勇往直前，因为我更偏信中庸，但中庸不等于懦弱，我的命运应该由我自己把握。虽然我不是一个"基因决定论者"，但我也不能容忍由environment主导我的命运。在我为难可怜兮兮的一分两分而挣扎的同时，我失去的岂是一张成绩单所能换取的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我绝无半点冒犯他人之意，我第一人生信条就是宽容，人各有志，或者说"萝卜白菜各有所爱"，强者自然应该有人佩服。但谁也阻止不了我鄙视懦夫，苟且的活着或许可以完成gene的使命，但我相信人类这种高度社会化的动物的确已经十分与众不同，我宁愿相信道金斯所说的在gene之外有meme的存在。当你的gene已经烟消云散之时，你所创造的meme已远播四海。也许不是所有的斗士都会胜利，但唯唯诺诺的人将最多成为一架分析仪。60分可能永远不如100分漂亮，但我至少要有勇气在合适的时候大声地说："60分万岁！"我认为这并不与学风建设矛盾，因为人才不应是耕牛，如果不是这样，索性把它抛到一边好了，我相信我的做法是按照梁老先生的训导一丝不苟的执行的，"自强不息，厚德载物"，足以受用终生。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当一个人走到十字路口，他必须做出选择，纵使拒绝选择，便也是一种选择。关键是当你发现脚下的路越来越远离既定目标时，你会何去何从？可能要回头，你有足够勇气吗？是的，选择就是伴随着风险，十字架上的耶稣是最好的见证人--尊重自己的选择就是对人生负责。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;或许今天的论调有点儿像"垮掉的一代"，那好，我索性篡改金斯堡的一句诗作结尾："当你被卡戎摆渡到河对岸（最后一次选择了）的时候，你会回首自己曾拥有的是怎样一个人生。"&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;五年之后回头看当年青涩的、矫情的、狂妄的子句，唾沫星里夹带着“学赋新词强说愁”的气息。不过有一件东西的遗失确是值得遗憾的事情——勇气。生活渐渐打磨了分明的棱角，现在只会含含糊糊顾左右而言它，或是摇摇头微微苦笑，再想做“愤青”也愤不起来了。但是，——&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;但是“选择”的自由是永远不能放弃的。可以没有房，没有车，没有钱，没有权，但是没有人可以剥夺个人选择的自由。中间有几年，我曾经把它忘记了。后来遇到Tim，他给我讲他母亲的故事，他的母亲说：Life is not happy, but you can live a happy life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从前人们总是讲Where there is a will, there is a way. 可惜我不是一个那么积极上进的人，对“成功”并不总是很有信心，但是至少我始终相信可以选择live a happy life，这就够了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;原来那个喊“60分万岁”的人的ID现在在BBS上也被一些人称为“牛人”，只是他们不知道那个ID背后就是那个喊“60分万岁”的人，而且现在依然是，今后也可能继续是。对他来说，“60分万岁”和“牛人”并没有区别，王侯与寇都是经过选择的happy life。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6010470877846259409?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6010470877846259409/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6010470877846259409' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6010470877846259409'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6010470877846259409'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/03/blog-post.html' title='再说“选择”'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-703969194966308886</id><published>2008-02-16T22:18:00.006-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-17T20:57:14.970-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>科索沃：春天并未到来</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,1098187,00.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px;" src="http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,1098187,00.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;在“西方”的鼎立支持下，科索沃今天宣布独立。而在另一个阵营，塞尔维亚和俄罗斯则表示强烈反对。从这样一个阴云密布的清晨似乎很难预见一个阳光灿烂的日子，然而如果把眼光放得更远，穿过历史与未来的重重迷雾，巴尔干半岛真正的威胁并不是东西方大国的争斗，而根源于自身的民族矛盾。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;巴尔干半岛的民族历史就像诞生于此的哈扎尔辞典一般错综复杂，信仰伊斯兰教的阿尔巴尼亚人与信仰基督教的南斯拉夫人（又分成塞尔维亚人，克罗地亚人，斯洛文尼亚人，马其顿人，黑山人等等）一千多年来一直共同生活在那片土地上，然而时间并未见证民族的融合。随着社会主义阵营的衰落，铁托同志极力维持的大南斯拉夫终于土崩瓦解，而且是一分再分。每一次分裂都是源自于民族矛盾，而每一次分裂却又都无助于解决民族矛盾。在塞尔维亚治下，阿尔巴尼亚人宣称自己是被迫害的少数族裔，而在科索沃独立之后，塞尔维亚人又成了被压制的少数派。在自由的名义之下，多数人的暴政周而复始。那么下一步怎么办？还要继续分裂下去吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;只要民族间的隔阂依旧不能被宽容所融解，只要民族主义仍然充斥着狂热的头脑，那里就依然是被春天遗忘的国度，只有安哲罗普洛斯镜头中被阴霾笼罩的天空依旧。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-703969194966308886?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/703969194966308886/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=703969194966308886' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/703969194966308886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/703969194966308886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_17.html' title='科索沃：春天并未到来'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7151362380683521854</id><published>2008-02-15T18:34:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-17T21:45:49.523-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>以枪制枪？</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://byfiles.storage.msn.com/y1phOGLgUAPEeblOmBwPbDJwwnNn0ANv9T4t3wCcZiOFSbMWRa-Im3c-JYEI371PR7uWO-hs5eHkbE?PARTNER=WRITER"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://byfiles.storage.msn.com/y1phOGLgUAPEeblOmBwPbDJwwnNn0ANv9T4t3wCcZiOFSbMWRa-Im3c-JYEI371PR7uWO-hs5eHkbE?PARTNER=WRITER" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;在最近的这一个星期里，美国一共发生了5起校园枪击事件，这个记录会不会像油价一样进一步被刷新还未可知，但确实已经在继去年4月的弗吉尼亚理工学院事件之后又一次引起了广泛关注。以思维的惯性，禁枪的声浪一定又该席卷美国了，而最终结果又一定是不了了之。于是咱中国人终于又有机会一边看热闹一边说风凉话：“活该，谁让你们不禁枪！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;可惜这一回咱们又落伍了，美国民众提出的最新口号是“以枪制枪”——见《今日美国》的2月15日的报道：&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20080215/a_campusguns15.art.htm?loc=interstitialskip"&gt;12 states debate guns on campus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="inside-copy"&gt;。其中一个23岁的美国大学生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inside-copy"&gt;Michael Flitcraft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="inside-copy"&gt;的话最有代表性："The only way to stop a person with a gun is another person with a gun."所以现在美国已有12个州在讨论是否允许学生带枪上学。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;想象一下大教室里坐着百十来号学生，每个学生腰里别着把左轮，这故事乍听起来有点儿吓人，我要是教授估计就不敢讲课了，可再仔细琢磨一下似乎又不无道理。再来解释解释。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;持枪与否实质上是与Chicken博弈差不多的。如果用G代表持枪者，N代表无枪者，则理论上这场围绕枪的博弈的支付矩阵如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;G     N&lt;br /&gt;G  -1    5&lt;br /&gt;N  -5    1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;无枪者与无枪者相安无事，持枪者与持枪者互相对峙，而持枪者对无枪者享有巨大优势。所以在枪支可以流通的情况下，尽管无枪是最优解，但是只有双方持枪才是唯一稳定平衡，故而人手一枪就成了必然结果。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有人会说，难言之隐，一禁了之，像中国这样不就完事了嘛，哪有那么复杂。“禁”说起来当然容易，可是它是一个动词，就要有动作的执行者，禁枪的执行者是谁呢？政府？没错，在中国我们是靠政府来执行枪支管制的，更确切地说是靠暴力机关：警察、军队……总之只有拿枪的人才能缴别人的枪，这是再明白不过的道理。可是谁来约束这些手里还有枪的人呢？在中国这似乎并不是一个问题，因为我们的政府是永远“伟大光荣正确”的，就算用枪托把我们的牙打掉了我们也会心甘情愿地咽下去，。相比之下，美国那帮野蛮的牛仔就远没有我们这样文明驯良了，他们才不愿意轻信政府呢，瞧瞧Bush总统那不到30%的支持率就知道了。在他们眼里，除了自己，谁都靠不住，非得自己腰里别着枪心里才踏实。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那么，以枪制枪与禁枪比起来究竟哪一个管用呢？不好说。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以枪制枪的威慑作用是建立在人人都怕死的理智前提下的，可是校园枪击事件基本上都属于自杀性攻击，难道指望学生们在上课的时候都把手放在扳机上，时刻提防着有人突然开门冲进来扫射？那我看这课算是彻底没法上了。而且靠击毙枪手减少的伤亡数量能否抵消因长时间接触扳机造成的走火事件数量还不一定。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;禁枪的表面效果肯定是要好得多了，中国的犯罪分子多半搞不到枪，枪击事件自然要少得多，但是这能保证咱们的社会安全状况更好吗？且不说菜刀铁锤之类替代品随处可得，单是当手无寸铁的平头百姓被挥舞棍棒的城管追着满街跑的时候，恐怕很多人都梦想过自己的手里有一支枪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;拿美国与中国比较似乎还不是很有说服力，毕竟两者的社会经济文化背景相差太多。好吧，咱们选个两全其美的例子：伊拉克。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从前，老萨一个人掌握枪杆子，效果相当于禁枪，自杀性袭击倒是很少，可是国内外都不买账，因为他一个人玩枪给别人造成的威胁也不小。后来老萨没了，大家各自拥兵自重，恐怖袭击事件风起云涌，互相威慑制衡的作用一点儿没体现出来。敢情禁枪也不是，以枪制枪也行不通。何故？问题在人而不在枪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;爱好和平的人不是没有，而且我相信有很多，如果做一个电话调查，我估计包括Bush和拉登在内的每个受访者都会宣称自己爱好和平，不过俗话说“秀才遇见兵，有理讲不清”，只要还有一个兵，其他的秀才就得跟着当兵才能不吃亏。所以终究还是没有人愿意带头销毁自己手里的大规模杀伤性武器，而只有地雷这种大国已经不屑于使用的落后装备才能够达成协议停产。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“军备竞赛”的进化趋势是自然选择的必然结果，这是无可扭转的客观规律。从甲虫的外壳到老虎的牙齿，一概如此，人类自然也不能例外。从冷兵器到热兵器，再到核武器，将来肯定还会有更伟大的发明取而代之，但愿那一天晚一点儿到来。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;有朝一日核弹的成本降低到气枪一个水平，就该人手一核弹互相威慑了。要么死于独裁，要么死于内讧，没办法，人性如此，不是枪的错。&lt;span class="inside-copy"&gt; 弗吉尼亚枪击案一位受害者的哥哥抱怨："It's kind of a crazy notion to think about. It takes us back to the Wild, Wild West."没错，其实我们一直生活就在蛮荒之地，但是不管怎样，我们都得想办法活下去。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7151362380683521854?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7151362380683521854/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7151362380683521854' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7151362380683521854'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7151362380683521854'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_16.html' title='以枪制枪？'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8565947058401140015</id><published>2008-02-14T08:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-14T08:14:29.973-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='杂谈'/><title type='text'>地缘情结</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;过年藏在家里休假，难得清闲一回，居然断断续续看了一整部肥皂剧。其实剧情也谈不上喜欢，演员更是一个都不认识，吸引我的只是故事的主题“闯关东”。个中原因再直白不过：我家祖上也是从山东闯关东而来，祖父偶尔提起当年曾祖父携家带口的情景，与肥皂剧颇有几分吻合。所以尽管心里很清楚那不过是艺术设计的产物，仍然免不了联想到自家的历史，都是地缘情结在作怪。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;记得费孝通的《乡土中国》中有一篇题为“地缘与血缘”，谈的就是中国人的地缘情结，比如他们家祖居江夏，所以尽管早已迁居异地，府上仍旧挑着“江夏费”的灯笼。很相似地，我在填写籍贯的时候也总是写“山东高密”，虽然其实我从来也没去过高密。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;人们的地缘情结自然是有其缘由的。&lt;st1:personname productid="费" st="on"&gt;费&lt;/st1:PersonName&gt;先生将地缘与血缘连在一起，就是一个很好的开端。人群的分布从来不是均匀混合的，在两千多年的封建时代里，农民和地主都世世代代牢牢地扎根在自己的土地上，而解放以后，户口制度这一伟大发明又继续把人束缚在土地之上，偶有大规模的迁徙，若不是集体逃难，便是政策性整体移民，自由的人口流动始终是很少的。所以来自同一地区的人，即便互不熟识，数上几代也总不免有些亲缘关系。如今的山村也还是大体如此，我跟着向导在各村到处乱转，整整白蹭了一个月的酒喝，因为当地人随便哪一户都能攀上亲。所以一旦一个人背井离乡远离家人，那么从概率上讲同乡也就是亲缘关系比较近的人了，出现“老乡见老乡，两眼泪汪汪”的情况也就不奇怪了。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;除了地缘与血缘的关系之外，文化因素也相当重要。来自同一地的两人总有些共同的方言和谈资，包括饮食口味和生活习惯也更加接近，所以也就自然更容易发展起社会关系。比如两个湖南人谈起辣来就滔滔不绝，而我就完全插不进话。素不相识的乘客在火车和飞机上攀谈的时候总是从“你是哪里人”开始，因为这个问题既可以提供进一步拓展谈话的足够信息，又不会触及对方的隐私。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;不过也正是由于地缘情结的存在，使得人们常常过度看重地缘信息的普适性。比如经常可以听到人们在抱怨“河南人靠不住”、“东北人粗鲁”或者“上海人小气”，可是以我的经验，说这些话的人多半连一个河南人、东北人或者上海人都没见过，或者至多只与一两个人打过交道。我上学的时候认得一个重庆人，给我的印象不太好，以至于好几年都对重庆怀有敌意，直到后来认识的重庆人多了才证明那不过是一个个例，用一个样本来推断整个群体绝对是靠不住的。而且随着社会流动性的增强，地缘情结只会越来越靠不住。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8565947058401140015?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8565947058401140015/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8565947058401140015' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8565947058401140015'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8565947058401140015'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_15.html' title='地缘情结'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1558151667855958485</id><published>2008-02-05T20:34:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-13T09:49:26.521-08:00</updated><title type='text'>个人对家庭的背叛</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;每一次挤在春运的火车车厢里都不由得要思考同一个问题：家究竟有什么样的魔力，能够让我们忍受购票的折磨、车厢的拥塞，甚至是冰雪的阻隔，义无反顾地投向它的怀抱？同时，又为什么会有越来越多的年轻人开始背离这条归家的道路？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;马尔萨斯曾经预言，随着生产力的发展和生活水平的提高，家庭会生育更多的子女。然而三百年之后，发达国家却在纷纷面临人口负增长的压力。另外，除了家庭规模的缩小，家庭单位的结构本身也在解体。例如前几天看到一则新闻说，在&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;年，有&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;47.7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;％的法国新生儿是未婚父母所生。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;展开一份古老的家谱，看到的是一个庞大的同姓父系家族。为了维系家族的香火，先人创造出宗族祠堂和家族墓地等等的集体印记，同时也创造出童养媳、等郎妹和贞节牌坊等等消灭个人自由的枷锁。这一切复杂的文化现象并非偶然，在生产力水平低下的条件下，个人结成群体能够实现生存与繁衍的优化，当然，血缘关系是最为可靠的盟约，在这一点上，人类与蚂蚁的区别并不像看上去的那么显著。相应地，一切社会制度与文化也随着家庭合作的进化而产生。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;正像马克思在《资本论》中对资产阶级革命的积极评价以及阿马蒂亚森在《以自由看待发展》中的基本观点一样，生产力的发展与革新的意义并不是在于创造更多的物质，而是我们每个人都在拥有越来越多的自由。这种自由首先体现在客观的经济能力上，我们不再依赖家族势力的安全庇护，所以“教父”成为历史；我们不再需要养儿防老，所以四世同堂也成为回忆；我们甚至不再需要一个完整的家庭来供养子女，所以单亲家庭成为可能。然而更加重要的是主观文化意识上的解放，个人的独立意识在这一过程中逐渐觉醒和强化，我们不再甘愿忍受传统家庭观念的束缚，开始努力寻求个人的自由与独立，甚至诉诸于叛逆的方式——身着奇装异服，头发五颜六色，满口火星词汇，新新人类这样的选择并非出于喜欢，而是借此彰显与众不同，从而证明自我的存在（我的存在还需要证明吗？是的，并不是只有笛卡尔才会思考“我思故我在”的问题）。记得埃尔顿约翰还是什么人曾经说过：如果注射维生素&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;是违法的，我们也会尝试的。非常贴切。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;在一系列皮毛的表象变化之下，更深层的社会变革在无声无息地酝酿和发生。妇女解放运动曾创造出职业女性这一词汇，如今我们的词典里又添加了丁克家庭、单身贵族和同性恋等等新成员。无论是从传统文化、宗教或是达尔文的性选择理论出发，这些新的“家庭”形式似乎都是突变产生的怪胎或是脑震荡的后遗症，但是统计数据提醒我们事实绝非如此。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Roughgarden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;在第一次参加洛杉矶同性恋大游行时突然意识到，这些人并不是极少数的不正常者，如果促使人选择不生育、不结婚或者同性爱的基因至少曾经有利于所在种群的生存与繁衍，那么这些基因经自然选择而保留下来就并不奇怪。只不过是部分本性一直被社会规范所压制，直到近代才逐渐得以释放而已。既然我们已经有能力独立追求并实现自身的&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;幸福，又为何要继续忍受传统的羁绊呢？所以东方家庭文化的西化只是一个时间问题而已，《东京物语》的悲凉是不可避免的牺牲。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;原则上讲，各人有各人的自由，保守者不必诋毁自由者的“道德败坏”，自由者也不必嘲讽保守者的“冥顽不化”，各人自循其道最好。可惜你我投胎之时无从选择，故而“家门逆子”屡见不鲜，加之代沟也是不可避免，所以每个人大抵都不得不夹在相互矛盾的两套文化观念之间，总免不了生出龃龉，各自为别人的“悲剧”而唏嘘，其实都是杞人忧天。所谓儿孙自有儿孙福，操心过度带来的未必是幸福，反而催生出许多现实的悲剧来。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;当然，拥有越来越多的自由并不意味着人类注定都会变成原子个人主义者，恰恰相反，我们会具备更强的社会性，不过不再是以狭隘的家庭、家族或其他刚性的制度规范维持，而是会形成松散灵活的社会结构——只有爱和信任才是组成家庭、社区等一切社会群体的基石，其他统统是扯淡。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1558151667855958485?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1558151667855958485/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1558151667855958485' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1558151667855958485'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1558151667855958485'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_06.html' title='个人对家庭的背叛'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3778593806711226514</id><published>2008-02-03T05:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-03T08:40:28.541-08:00</updated><title type='text'>言者无意，听者有心</title><content type='html'>温总理前几日亲临广州火车站慰问被困旅客，群众为此深受鼓舞。在一个民众对政府高度信任的国家，总理表现出亲民的姿态对安抚民众的焦躁不安情绪的确是十分重要的。然而有时候不适当的安抚也可能造成适得其反的效果。比如这一次温总理在现场向群众作出的许诺“你们可以很快回家”就颇有些冒险的成分，结果次日起大量原本已经不抱希望回家的旅客便在此鼓舞下涌向广州车站，而天气偏偏并不买账，造成了更加严重的拥堵，还发生了一些或许本可以避免的悲剧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;俗话说“言者无意，听者有心”，身负民望者出言更要慎之又慎。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3778593806711226514?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3778593806711226514/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3778593806711226514' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3778593806711226514'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3778593806711226514'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_03.html' title='言者无意，听者有心'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1175581924628729054</id><published>2008-02-01T07:41:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-02T22:21:10.627-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Day after Tomorrow</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;“北国雪花飘飘，南国春意盎然”，这样的台词如今听起来的确很有些不合时宜。想到还困在冰天雪地里冻饿交加动弹不得的旅人，不得不在庆幸自己能安坐在暖烘烘的房间里敲键盘。也正因为如此，才总不免冒出些饱汉不知饿汉饥的胡思乱想来。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;说起眼下这横扫半个中国的劫难，直观上看只是天灾，恰巧又赶上一年一度的春运高峰，才演变成了极端意外事件。然而天灾之外也总脱不了人祸的干系，大雪已经连下数日，造成大范围断电，火车汽车都瘫在路上了，方才引起政府的重视，因此媒体上批评公共政策应急制度不健全也确是言之凿凿。于是今天要做的事情是尽快解救旅客、疏导交通和恢复供电，明天的任务是制定应急预案。那么明天之后呢？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;说起明天之后，不由得想起前两年的一部电影&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The day after Tomorrow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;（也不知是哪一个糊涂蛋给翻译成了“后天”，真让人大倒胃口）。作为一部电影，该片倒是不值一提；但作为一个预言，事实证明它并不完全是耸人听闻。尽管美中印等大国的政府代表还有耐心在《京都议定书》的问题是厚着脸皮讨价还价，老天爷却没心情容忍过多的温室气体排放了，南中国的这场大雪大概不过是一个小小的警告而已，真正的惩罚还在后头。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;可惜火烧眉毛的时候也只能先顾眼前，胡&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;core&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;亲自下井督战就是一个在明确不过的信号：多产煤多发电。诚然，要先止痛挨过这一关才行，不过同时又要担心我们吃止痛片会吃上瘾，习惯性地把应急的政策当成常态，继续得过且过。反正全球气候变化不是咱一家的事情，经济增长才是实打实的，单单一次暴风雪的警示能帮助我们摆脱公共悲剧的命运吗？恐怕路还远着呢。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;不久前欧盟成员国刚刚通过了减排&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;20%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体;"&gt;的协议，在早些时候澳洲的老霍华德也因为不鼓励减排政策而丢了总理，拖全球后腿的布什也即将下岗，咱中国会做怎样的回应呢？摸着石头过河是对的，但是单靠摸石头是断然过不了大河的。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1175581924628729054?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1175581924628729054/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1175581924628729054' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1175581924628729054'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1175581924628729054'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/day-after-tomorrow.html' title='The Day after Tomorrow'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8434574612151708980</id><published>2008-01-31T20:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-31T20:41:11.831-08:00</updated><title type='text'>甘地，六十年</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://todayspictures.slate.com/20080130/images/PAR160267.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://todayspictures.slate.com/20080130/images/PAR160267.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;© Henri Cartier-Bresson / Magnum Photos，1948&lt;img src="http://metrics.washingtonpost.com/b/ss/wpniglobalprod/1/H.7-pdv-2/s18019990076018?%5BAQB%5D&amp;amp;ndh=1&amp;amp;t=1/1/2008%2012%3A40%3A24%205%20-480&amp;amp;vmt=46899301&amp;amp;ns=wpni&amp;amp;pageName=sl%20-%20gallery%20-%2020080130%20-%20Today%27s%20Pictures&amp;amp;g=http%3A//todayspictures.slate.com/20080130/captions/1.html&amp;amp;r=http%3A//todayspictures.slate.com/20080131/&amp;amp;cc=USD&amp;amp;ch=sl%20-%20arts%20and%20life&amp;amp;server=slate&amp;amp;events=event1&amp;amp;v1=sl%20-%20gallery%20-%2020080130%20-%20Today%27s%20Pictures&amp;amp;h1=arts%20and%20life%7Ctodays%20pictures&amp;amp;c2=sl%20-%20arts%20and%20life%20-%20todays%20pictures&amp;amp;v2=sl%20-%20arts%20and%20life&amp;amp;h2=slate%7Carts%20and%20life%7Ctodays%20pictures&amp;amp;c3=gallery&amp;amp;c4=magnum&amp;amp;c15=Today%27s%20Pictures%20-%2020080130&amp;amp;c16=2&amp;amp;pid=sl%20-%20gallery%20-%2020080130%20-%20Today%27s%20Pictures&amp;amp;pidt=1&amp;amp;oid=javascript%3Ajump%281%29%3BreplaceAds%28%29&amp;amp;ot=A&amp;amp;s=1024x768&amp;amp;c=32&amp;amp;j=1.3&amp;amp;v=Y&amp;amp;k=Y&amp;amp;bw=620&amp;amp;bh=150&amp;amp;p=IE%20Tab%20Plug-in%3BQuickTime%20Plug-in%207.3.1%3BMozilla%20Default%20Plug-in%3BDivX%20Player%20Netscape%20Plugin%3BDivX%3F%20Web%20Player%3BShockwave%20Flash%3BiTunes%20Application%20Detector%3BDivX%3F%20Content%20Upload%20Plugin%3BRealJukebox%20NS%20Plugin%3BRealPlayer%28tm%29%20G2%20LiveConnect-Enabled%20Plug-In%20%2832-bit%29%20%3BRealPlayer%20Version%20Plugin%3BJava%28TM%29%20Platform%20SE%206%20U3%3BAdobe%20Acrobat%3BWindows%20Media%20Player%20Plug-in%20Dynamic%20Link%20Library%3BMicrosoft%3F%20DRM%3B&amp;amp;%5BAQE%5D" name="s_i_wpniglobalprod" alt="" border="0" height="1" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://img.slate.com/js/partner_omniture.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1948年1月31日，“圣雄”甘地遇刺身亡。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8434574612151708980?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8434574612151708980/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8434574612151708980' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8434574612151708980'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8434574612151708980'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post.html' title='甘地，六十年'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7905010876080114258</id><published>2008-01-29T20:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-29T21:59:33.282-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>Does Max Planck Hobble Universities?</title><content type='html'>&lt;pre wrap=""&gt;Thanks to Harrison's reminder, I picked up the news on &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Science&lt;/span&gt; horribly titled as &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Max Planck Accused of Hobbling Universities. &lt;/span&gt;Is Max Planck going to be sentenced?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is an interesting piece of news, but far from good enough in argument, in&lt;br /&gt;my opinion. The author made a mistake at the very first step as she/he quoted the international university rankings to prove the problem of Germany's education. It is nonsense for European universities, as it is an invention of US style. However, I don't intend to deny the trouble the Germany's universities face and has been argued for a long time. In fact, The "problem" that is talking about is a consequence of globalization rather than a problem of Germany, or any other country. And it is never an independent trouble of the education and research system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The institution of Germany, or more generally, Europe, is largely different with that of US in many an aspect, among which the distinction in welfare system, including education, may be most significant. For example, in the recent documentary film 'Sicko', Moore compared the health insurance system of US and France. Generally speaking, along the dimension of equality and freedom, US often shows propensity to&lt;br /&gt;individualist, while the European continent prefers egalitarian to some extent. I believe the institutions evolved via different paths historically, and fit well in their own niches for some time, until the parts of the world merge together.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the same token, the education systems start with different points. For US, it is biased to meritocracy, that is, the universities open for the rich and the clever. While for Europe, the colleges serve the public, and everybody, either rich or poor, clever or stupid, as long as she is willing to, has the opportunity for higher education. The result is that the former wins in efficiency, of course. And once the borders are open, the clever flow to US, since they can benefit more than average there. Will the transformation of Max Planck reverse the trends? I believe not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The situation is like two Nash equilibrium strategies, each of which is stable itself. But if placed in the same playground, one invades another. However, it is too early to conclude that one is better than another. Suppose in the prisoner's dilemma the defector dominate the cooperator but leads to a worst outcome. That is it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To sum up, I'd like to quote the former core, that this article is "too simple, sometimes naive".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PS: If we further include China's education in this debate, where should we place it? I'd prefer to identify it as much more extreme than US in utilitarian. The poor have no way to receive good education, and the universities are in a hurry to copy certifications rather than to culture youth and do science. As a result, we are obviously among the most efficient, but as to quality, I'm not sure. Will more fundings boost China's universities? I have to be pessimistic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anyway, it is somewhat ironic for me now to consider two offers from Max Planck and Stanford as once a very "bad" bachelor student in Tsinghua.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7905010876080114258?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7905010876080114258/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7905010876080114258' title='6 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7905010876080114258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7905010876080114258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/01/does-max-planck-hobble-universities.html' title='Does Max Planck Hobble Universities?'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1012251298259012193</id><published>2008-01-03T08:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-03T09:04:16.882-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>2008:选举与旁观</title><content type='html'>刚刚开始的2008年，也许在中国媒体上出现最多的词语将是“奥运”，但如果放眼世界，新年的主题无疑应是“选举”。当然，别人选举，我们是看客。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;当今的世界唯一超级大国美帝的总统初选今天即将在Iowa州打响；再过些日子海峡对岸那个“省”也要选他们的非法领导人了；还有我们的友好邻邦巴基斯坦计划中也要选出一个能够对炸弹免疫的穆萨拉夫的继任者（如果不打内战的话）……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;虽说“闲事莫管，吃饭三碗”，可毕竟这些国家的政局动向对于中国的影响都是不可忽视的，所以也不能完全算是闲事。根据经验，届时定然会有不少“家事国事天下事事事关心”的国人紧盯新闻快报的，而其中绝大部分又不得不被官方媒体所引导，不自觉地倒向中央制定的某一派，尽管选举的实际情况往往与官方评论员的大嘴差之千里。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;更多的人还会在抱着胳膊看热闹的同时冷嘲热讽几句，比如今天中午在食堂的饭桌上就听见有人说亚洲人不适合民主选举制度。当然，这也算是当下在民间很流行的一种观点，毕竟也有充足的论据：台湾的“伪总统”选战劳民伤财且丑态百出，严重破坏和谐。所以既然我们要建设和谐社会，就应该引以为戒，不要再梦想民选——亚洲人做惯了奴才，学不来民主，还不如安心当奴才。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;听说《阿Q正传》要从中学课本上删掉了，以后就不用再担心后来人会再骂我们阿Q了，很好，很和谐。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1012251298259012193?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1012251298259012193/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1012251298259012193' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1012251298259012193'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1012251298259012193'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2008/01/2008.html' title='2008:选举与旁观'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-5971322557514565529</id><published>2007-12-29T23:22:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-30T00:53:01.825-08:00</updated><title type='text'>为了像Prada的Gucci</title><content type='html'>年终岁尾，总是要在酒精的麻醉下才能极不情愿地提起笔来，草草码几行字，算是新桃换旧符以迎接变幻之时。醉眼朦胧中浮现竟然出阿妙打开铁匣的情景：一个小小的笔记本被取出，上面写着“阿妙n岁，离开鱼市”；另一个小小的本子被放入，上面写着“阿妙n+1岁，离开鱼市”……&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;人生来就不平等，有人生在富贵人家，万事不愁；有人只有一个潦倒老爸，还背着一身赌债。然而无论王子与乞丐，至少每个人的心中都可以有不受现实羁绊的梦想。哥伦布梦想到达东方，阿妙梦想离开鱼市。我们常说知足常乐，然而一个相反的事实却是，我们又都相信手边的东西总不是最好的。鱼佬、饼佬、猪肉佬，与其说比较哪一个更好，毋宁说哪一个离得更远。当Prada与Gucci都摆在眼前，阿妙只好回答：像Prada的Gucci。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;像Prada的Gucci，它的存在与否并不重要，因为一旦出现，它也就会被新的梦想所代替。而miss，正是为了考验梦想而存在，所以每个人都在不停地错过一些东西，直到放弃梦想。很难说梦想带给人更多的究竟是幸福还是痛苦，但至少有一点可以肯定：追求梦想本身应该是生命的意义的一部分。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vladimir与Estragon在等待戈多时曾这样说：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- He should be here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- He didn't say for sure he 'd come.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- And if he doesn't come?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- We'll come back tomorrow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- And then the day after tomorrow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Possibly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- And so on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- The Point is ——&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Until he comes.&lt;br /&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- It's not certain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- No, nothing is certain.&lt;br /&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Shall we go?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Yes, Let's go.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;They don't move.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;戈多会来吗？这不重要。重要的是，你愿意等待吗？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-5971322557514565529?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/5971322557514565529/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=5971322557514565529' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5971322557514565529'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/5971322557514565529'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/pradagucci.html' title='为了像Prada的Gucci'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1752812813552170915</id><published>2007-12-28T03:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T21:33:31.368-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>For Benazir Bhutto</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://todayspictures.slate.com/20071109/images/PAR60486.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://todayspictures.slate.com/20071109/images/PAR60486.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; © Abbas / Magnum Photos, 1988&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1752812813552170915?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1752812813552170915/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1752812813552170915' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1752812813552170915'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1752812813552170915'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/for-benazir-bhutto.html' title='For Benazir Bhutto'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-8832751743904670816</id><published>2007-12-26T22:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T03:30:23.677-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='杂谈'/><title type='text'>清华大学失踪</title><content type='html'>一个重大发现：清华大学失踪了！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;清华大学距离我的实验室大约500米，中间只隔一条轻轨和一片棚户区，今天临窗眺望，突然发现眼前一片空白，清华大学的建筑连同那条轻轨铁路一同消失的无影无踪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;北京城果真是个大大的魔术师，可惜这会儿没赶上奥运会，不然咱给世界人民也展示一把“鸟巢失踪”。当然了，在官方的语法书里，北京与污染两个词连用属于逻辑错误，发言人会说：“那是雾。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;看来要提高空气能见度，还得先提高社会能见度才行。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-8832751743904670816?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/8832751743904670816/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=8832751743904670816' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8832751743904670816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/8832751743904670816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post_27.html' title='清华大学失踪'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3112505792020416398</id><published>2007-12-25T05:34:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-25T05:39:44.787-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Magnum: Merry Chrismas</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://todayspictures.slate.com/inmotion/essay%5Fmerrychristmas/"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/R3EHRNbpfvI/AAAAAAAAAf4/_d84j657ZUk/s400/Merry+Xmas_Magnum.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5147903841305984754" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This is a little gift from the Magnum Santa Claus? Click and enjoy it.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3112505792020416398?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3112505792020416398/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3112505792020416398' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3112505792020416398'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3112505792020416398'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/magnum-merry-chrismas.html' title='Magnum: Merry Chrismas'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_O9UXjVzl5-8/R3EHRNbpfvI/AAAAAAAAAf4/_d84j657ZUk/s72-c/Merry+Xmas_Magnum.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1506690872950986364</id><published>2007-12-24T07:38:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T03:30:39.738-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='进化'/><title type='text'>民族主义的起源</title><content type='html'>经同学提醒，才想起圣诞这回事。既然我不是耶稣这洋大人的门徒，自然也不必操心为他老人家贺寿，不过倒是也沾光难得一次地决定不加班，回家把Eastwood的大作《硫磺岛家书》翻出来看完了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我向来厌恶战争，因为在我看来，多数战争都是愚蠢的选择，本来有更好的纳什议价解，偏要搞成Pareto-inferior，自己搭上身家性命也就罢了，还要连累无辜亲族以至后代子孙。所以但凡颂扬战争英雄光辉事迹的东西，是断然不入法眼的，不过对于从个人视角反省战争的作品，倒是有些兴趣，因为我总是想知道，究竟是什么东西使原本应该理性自私独善其身的人变成了英勇无畏丧失理智的“疯子”，而且那些条件影响着他们的疯狂程度。我这里用“疯子”这个词，是作中性用，有一点儿疯劲未尝不是好事，比如雷锋就是个疯子，但我认为他是大好人。其实实验证明这个世界上大多数人都不是太理智的，这正因为如此我们才没有彻底被铜臭味淹没。不过一旦疯昏了头，就难免要出乱子。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;疯子一扎堆，通常就要产生民族主义，或者叫国家主义，往高了拔叫爱国主义，往地下按就叫纳粹或是原教旨主义，其实只是疯狂程度不同而已。其特征可以抽象成两点：对内奉行利他主义（altruism），对外奉行排他主义（parochialism）。对于神智清醒的人来说，前者总是值得表彰的，后者就该批评了。可惜这两者还总是黏在一起，用辨证唯物主义的套话来说，有点儿对立统一的意思。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;关于民族主义的的起源，文学青年可以去看论述纳粹主义和反犹史的大部头，而对数学感兴趣的不妨读一读Jung-Kyoo Choi和Sam Bowles在2007年10月26日那一期Science上发表的论文：&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War&lt;/span&gt;。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Altruism — benefiting fellow group members at a cost to oneself — and parochialism — hostility toward individuals not of one’s own ethnic, racial, or other group — are common human behaviors. The intersection of the two — which we term “parochial altruism” — is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because altruistic or parochial behavior reduces one’s payoffs by comparison to what one would gain by eschewing these behaviors. But parochial altruism could have evolved if parochialism&lt;br /&gt;promoted intergroup hostilities and the combination of altruism and parochialism contributed to success in these conflicts. Our game-theoretic analysis and agent-based simulations show that under conditions likely to have been experienced by late Pleistocene and early Holocene humans, neither parochialism nor altruism would have been viable singly, but by promoting group conflict, they could have evolved jointly.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;此文的模型并不复杂，其实就是简单的进化博弈论，但是动态模拟的结果很清晰醒目: 民族主义在群体冲突中产生并通过激化冲突而强化，在这种情况下，单纯的排外或是利他都不是稳定策略，只有两者联合，亦即民族主义，才是进化稳定的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从理论出发，再回过头去看历史与现实，很多问题就都不言自明了。不论是亲人仇人陌路人，只要在保家卫国的感召下，都能变成一个战壕里的好兄弟。所以每当一个政府需要摆脱窘境转移民众注意力的时候，统治者往往只好夸大宣传国家或民族矛盾，借此激发集体主义精神，而掩盖政府的无能。诚然，适度民族主义也许能够暂时提高社会生产力，不过这绝对是非常危险的办法，一旦群情激奋到一定临界状态，就没有人能够踩刹车了，虚构的矛盾会成为真实的战争。这可不是童话，古往今来的战争狂人与独裁者都深谙此道，所以战争大多由妖魔化的宣传开始，古今中外皆是一理，并不是某一社会阶段或意识形态专有的危机。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;话说前些日课题组讨论会上，一个新来的研究生做开题报告，介绍文献调研情况的时候涉及到日本的学术研究，还特别提高了声调强调了一下“小日本”，令人哭笑不得。既然做科研的人也带着这样强烈的民族主义情绪，整个社会的浮躁状态也可见一斑。日本那边的情况我不了解，不过就目前中国国民病态心理的成因而言，至少我国媒体是要负很大责任的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;比如早些时候国内某些知名媒体拼命鼓吹默克尔接见达赖以及德国指责中国黑客攻击等等造成中德关系如何紧张，还援引《明镜》云云，仿佛外交战争一触即发。害得我老爹看了电视以后连夜给我打电话，劝我莫去德国以免受迫害。结果我翻遍了近两个月的《明镜》，也没看出德国人有敌视中国人的意思，反倒是揶揄女总理不务正业的居多，在德国的朋友们也都说没人在意这些事情。敢情都是咱国内的媒体自己yy，一副唯恐天下不乱的样子。由此推断，长期以来听到的关于日本、台湾之类的报道评论，大概也多是自编自导的主旋律故事片。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过说到底，媒体虽然无良，也总不过是替罪羊而已。国内的新闻审查何其严格，舆论风向自然是要牢牢把握，想控制民众情绪还不是易如反掌？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;所以只要信息交流的控制不被彻底打破，民族主义的火焰就总不会熄灭，而冲突和战争也就不会停息。David Korten 在他的新书 &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Great Turning&lt;/span&gt; 里号召建立一个 earth community 以打破“帝国主义”造成的人类灾难，这个愿望我很欣赏，不过这条社会进化的道路要怎么走，我的眼前一片迷茫。我等草根小民，与其豪言济世救民，还不如聊以自保更现实。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1506690872950986364?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1506690872950986364/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1506690872950986364' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1506690872950986364'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1506690872950986364'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post_24.html' title='民族主义的起源'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-7312720747901373884</id><published>2007-12-07T21:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T21:33:31.368-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>电视的功能</title><content type='html'>听说全世界收视率最高的电视新闻节目《新闻联播》更换播音员了，好像还颇有些热心观众关心此事。那么这些备受关注的播音员到底扮演着什么角色呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;由于一直没有时间也没有兴趣了解国家大事，我居然一时想不起来央视原来有过哪几个播音员了，只好google一下：罗京，……，赵忠祥，杜宪，薛飞。最后两个名字让我眼前一闪。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我接下来想起了什么？希望看到敏感话题的同志请回去闭门思过，咱要全力支持和谐社会。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我想起的是Edward Murrow。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;莫罗先生和罗京先生是同行，二战的时候在CBS的电台工作，后来变成了CBS的&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;See It Now&lt;/span&gt;电视新闻播音员。时事造英雄，恰逢上世纪50年代的时候美国威斯康星州选出了一个名叫麦卡锡的共和党参议员（从此政治辞典上就多出了一个新词汇：麦卡锡主义），其实此人就是社会主义国家的一个镜像，也想在美国搞大清洗，说谁是共党谁就要倒霉（现在布什把共党换成了恐怖分子），于是美国一时间人心惶惶，人人自危。这时候，镜头前的莫罗先生拍案而起，横眉冷对麦卡锡的威胁，最终引发了麦卡锡的倒台。纽约时报的评论员Jack Gould事后写道："last week may be remembered as the week that broadcasting recaptured its soul."（这段故事可以在影片《Good Night and Good Luck》中看到）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;莫罗的直率并不仅仅如此。在1958年的美国广播电视主管联合会上，他言辞激烈地批评广播产业为"fat, comfortable, and complacent" ，对电视媒体的评价是 "being used to detract, delude,                amuse and insulate us"，并因此被迫离开了CBS。然而更为不幸的是，他准确地预言了大众传媒的走向，这一预言用在当下的中国尤为贴切。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;反正都是一样的空洞，换来换去，还不如学某些电视台玩裸播显得更坦率些。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果一定要看电视新闻的话，我推荐半岛电视台，架个锅可以收得到。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-7312720747901373884?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/7312720747901373884/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=7312720747901373884' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7312720747901373884'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/7312720747901373884'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post_08.html' title='电视的功能'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2153991168859026458</id><published>2007-12-01T00:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T03:28:26.024-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Invitation from VerveEarth</title><content type='html'>I received the invitation from Clayton, a young guy running the website VerveEarth, which looks like a combination of google map and global voice, but not as serious. I have no idea about the niche of my irregular blog on it. Anyway, best wishes for Clayton!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, you can find my blog on the world map by clicking on the logo of VerveEarth at the bottom of the right-hand side panel.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2153991168859026458?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2153991168859026458/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2153991168859026458' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2153991168859026458'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2153991168859026458'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/invitation-from-verveearth.html' title='Invitation from VerveEarth'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-2689054510863852038</id><published>2007-11-30T23:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T03:32:12.624-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='杂谈'/><title type='text'>偶遇啄木鸟</title><content type='html'>前日清早甚冷，在去实验室的路上只好拼命踩脚踏车取暖。刚刚从十字路口拥堵无序的车流中杀出，猛然间一个神经冲动提醒我，刚才头顶上有什么东西，更确切地说，好像是一只啄木鸟。啄木鸟？近日里起早贪黑忙得头昏眼花，不会又是眼花了吧？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不待多想，我发现自己在已经调转车头往回骑了。嗯，好像是这棵树。抬头。老天，果然是一只斑啄木鸟。北漂的第八个年头，第一次在城区里见到啄木鸟，居然还是在这条车流滚滚、乌烟瘴气的马路边。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我说老兄，你怎么跑到这里来了？莫非你也给“绿色”奥运当托来了？或者京城的环境确实改善了，只是我不够敏感罢了？可惜没带望远镜，只好走得近一点，一不小心跨越了它的安全线，于是拍拍翅膀飞走了，留下我站在树底下发呆。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;到了实验室，问伙计们在京城见过啄木鸟没有，果然也都一律摇头。倒是得到了一句忠告：“以后在街上骑车眼睛要看路，不要老往树上盯！”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;都是从山里带回来的后遗症。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-2689054510863852038?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/2689054510863852038/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=2689054510863852038' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2689054510863852038'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/2689054510863852038'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post.html' title='偶遇啄木鸟'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-3859610816369949791</id><published>2007-11-15T06:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T21:33:31.368-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>电邮之死</title><content type='html'>Gmail最近附加了一些新的聊天功能，不过对我个人来说意义不大，倒是想起了前些天在Slate上看到的这篇小文章。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2177969"&gt;The death of e-mail. - By Chad Lorenz - Slate Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;究竟还有多少人更常写email，又有多少人更喜欢网上聊天呢？Chad说现在的孩子们都抛弃过时的email了，但是对25岁以上的人网络用户来说，离开email的日子是难以想象的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;遥想其实并不算久远的当年，第一次在网上注册了免费邮箱，小心翼翼码好字，轻轻一点鼠标，信件瞬间送达收信人信箱，再不用跑到邮局买邮票，更不必天天祈祷绿衣天使不要一时疏忽投错了地址。那感觉确是畅快。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如今，年轻人又以同样的理由抛弃了email。他们说：email太慢了。的确，多数人最多不过一天收一次信而已，有谁会不停地检查自己的邮箱呢？所以年轻人选择更快捷的方式：聊天。大家都挂在线上，随时保持联络，虽远隔千里也宛若比邻而坐，空间与时间的距离顿时都被压缩得可以忽略不计了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;不过，仅仅是速度的问题吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;想想我们过去是怎么写信的：正襟危坐，小心落墨，时切葭思起笔，恭顺顿首煞尾。落笔之前总要思量一下词句，成文之后不免还要诵读一遍。故而即便是平日私信家书，也不乏流传千古之佳作。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;进入电邮时代，形式主义大都被简化掉了，最多一个“你好”或“Hi”开头，行文也不必小心翼翼，写错了只需backspace即可。不过整体上读起来还多少要有一篇短文的意思，起码要思路连贯通顺。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;到了短信聊天时代，最后的形式阵地也沦陷了。一切文法甚至标点都成了累赘，连错别字似乎也无所谓，而且听说这种“火星语”还在90后的孩子中间流行起来了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;马桥人说科学是城里人为懒惰找的借口，多少有些道理。一方面我们的生活节奏越来越快，另一方面我们也变得越来越懒，或者说是实用主义。这是文化的演化，按照红心皇后的规则，我们要么快点跑跟上脚步，要变成老古董。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;昨天，某位大师兄突然要给老外写email，不知如何起笔，于是从我这里借一模板。一会儿工夫又跑过来问我：“用得着写那么长吗？”答曰：“客套总是有点儿用的。”潜台词：与老古董打交道，还是要用老古董的办法。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-3859610816369949791?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/3859610816369949791/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=3859610816369949791' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3859610816369949791'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/3859610816369949791'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/11/blog-post_2612.html' title='电邮之死'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-6173221351463483517</id><published>2007-11-14T21:32:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T21:33:31.369-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>心头的墙</title><content type='html'>从柏林墙的倒掉算起，整整18个年头已经过去了，但是德国人心头的柏林墙是不是也已经倒掉了呢？&lt;a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,516472,00.html"&gt;《明镜》&lt;/a&gt;最近的一次调查研究结果给出的答案是“不”，至少还没有完全被拆掉。就像照片上这堵墙上所写的：“还有很多墙需要拆除”。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,1016404,00.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,1016404,00.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;调查邀请了分别来自前东德和西德地区的500名16-24岁青少年以及相同数量的中年人回答一些关于东西德的问题，从统计结果中能够清晰地看到不同群体之间的差异。比如下面这个问题：如果（柏林）墙今天重新树立起来的话，你更想生活在哪一边？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,1014033,00.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,1014033,00.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;选择东德的东德人分别占35%（青少年）和37%（中年），而做出相同选择的西德人只有9%（青少年）和2%（中年）。而差别最为显著的一点在于如何看待民主德国的社会制度。92%的东德中年人在怀念社会主义的安全福利体系，这个比例在青少年中也达到47%，而持相同观点的西德人只有48%（中年）和26%（青少年）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;部分差异可以由身份认同解释。82%东德中年人认为自己与西德人不同。不过随着社会的融合，青少年的身份认同已经趋于一致。但是年轻一代仍然通过父辈口中的故事各自重绘着那段他们未曾经历的过去的时光。对此，《明镜》的评述是：“透过玫瑰色的眼镜，他们看到的是一个人人有工作、家家享受从摇篮到坟墓的社会福利的东德。当然，这一代人并没有经历过社会主义控制下的生活的另一面——比如排长队买食品或者秘密警察的骚扰。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一个人在遭遇现实的不如意时，总是会怀念“美好的过去”，于是一个美好的过去也便应这样的心理需要逐渐被人为塑造出来。东德的孩子们说：“很遗憾前东德那些值得骄傲的东西没有留下来。”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;看完报道，不禁想起近年的两部德国获奖电影《再见，列宁》和《别人的生活》。二者分别从两个不同的视角回顾着被柏林墙阻隔的岁月，正像一枚硬币的两面，很难讲究竟那一面更能体现硬币的价值，但有一点明确无误——两面相同的硬币是伪造的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;前些日子在联系去Kiel的工作，顺手在Google Earth上一搜，惊叹道：“好家伙，差一点儿就掉到墙那边去了！”看来不知不觉间我心头也复制了这么一堵墙。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PS：对“中国人”来说，墙不如沟形象，要把政治上的沟填平了不难，要把人心里的沟填平了可不容易，我们的“统战”工作基本上一直在打脱靶。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-6173221351463483517?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/6173221351463483517/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=6173221351463483517' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6173221351463483517'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/6173221351463483517'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/11/blog-post_15.html' title='心头的墙'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31878117.post-1117626429012160669</id><published>2007-11-12T05:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-28T21:33:31.369-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='时事'/><title type='text'>三人成虎</title><content type='html'>“夫市之无虎明矣，然而三人言而成虎。”魏大夫庞恭大概不会想到，当年他打的这个夸张的比喻，两千多年以后居然要变成活生生的现实了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;一张野生华南虎存疑照片的公布，如一石激起千层浪。有人质疑，毫不奇怪，毕竟这个亚种在我们的视线中消失已经长达24年，而随着时间的推移灭绝的可能性也在日渐增大。被认为已经灭绝的物种又被重新发现的事情并非没有先例，但是这种情况发生在虎这种大型食肉动物身上，的确是很难想象。理论上讲，一只华南虎的生存需要至少100平方公里的捕食领地（注意，是捕食领地而不是活动范围，也就是说在这100平方公里的领地上必须都有可捕食的动物活动），而且由于虎属于领地性动物，成年虎的领地几乎不重叠，这就意味着，镇坪县境内280平方公里的化龙山保护区至多只能容纳2~3只成年华南虎，而这样小的孤立种群规模几乎是不可能维持的。诚然，保护区以外的山林也可能作为潜在的栖息地，但是从Google Earth上不难发现，这些林地已经被公路切割而破碎化，对于动物来说这些公路就是难以跨越的鸿沟。当然仅仅纸上谈兵是有违科学精神的，毕竟在得到充足的证据证实或证伪之前，nothing is impossible，赌脑袋还是有些风险的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;事件发展的可笑之处在于陕西林业厅方面在受到广泛质疑之后总是在拿出更多的不能提供任何新信息的照片来证明照片自身的真实性，如果说三人成虎听起来有一点儿荒谬的话，三张同样的照片成虎就近乎于愚蠢了。而最新的发展就更有一点儿无厘头的倾向了，“现场模拟拍摄是最经得起检验的证据”，不知道这是哪一位高人提出的理论。无论真伪，如果当事人当时能拍出照片来，事后当然也能拍出同样的照片来，这个实验最多只能检验出照片是不是出自周正龙本人之手。而目前所谓的调查组成员似乎也全部是陕西方面的“嫌疑人员”，这无异于被告自己给自己充当证人，只能是将事情越描越黑。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其实从技术上讲，解决争议的步骤并不复杂，先把照片扔一边，组成一个多方联合的调查团队在实地做调查，如果能采集到可疑样本的话，送交第三方化验即可。不过现实中的问题，大概更多的不是科学问题，不然某专家也不会在不知深浅地跳出来之后就迅速鸣金收兵了。虎在纸面上的存在意义，对一部分人来说事关重大，远非学术二字所能涵盖。为避免大家脸上难看，为今之计最好是“拖”为上策，毕竟在偌大一片林子里找一只老虎不像在屋子里找大象那么容易，就算最后两手空空不了了之，也只能说是“没找到”而不能证明“不存在”。小布什在伊拉克找大规模杀伤性武器不是也颇找了几年吗？有耐心的就慢慢等吧。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31878117-1117626429012160669?l=songalbatross.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/feeds/1117626429012160669/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31878117&amp;postID=1117626429012160669' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1117626429012160669'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31878117/posts/default/1117626429012160669'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://songalbatross.blogspot.com/2007/11/blog-post_12.html' title='三人成虎'/><author><name>Albatross</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09998099190479933389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://naturalist.blogchina.com/inc/logo_s.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
